摘要
Although immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and achieved remarkable success across many different cancer types,only a subset of patients shows meaningful clinical responses.In particular,advanced prostate cancer exhibits overwhelming de novo resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.This is primarily due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer.Therefore,it is paramount to understand how prostate cancer cell-intrinsic mechanisms promote immune evasion and foster an immunosuppressive microenvironment.Here,we review recent findings that reveal the roles of the genetic alterations,androgen receptor signaling,cancer cell plasticity,and oncogenic pathways in shaping the immunosuppressive microenvironment and thereby driving immunotherapy resistance.Based on preclinical and clinical observations,a variety of therapeutic strategies are being developed that may illuminate new paths to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in prostate cancer.
基金
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant R01CA248033(to Xin L)
Department of Defense CDMRP PCRP grants W81XWH2010312(to Xin L)
W81XWH2010332(to Xin L)
an Investigator-Initiated Research Grant from American Institute for Cancer Research(to Xin L),Indiana CTSI pilot grants(to Xin L)through the NIH NCATS CTSA grant ULITR002529
an Exceptional Project Award Grant from Breast Cancer Alliance(to Xin L)
CCV and IITP grants from Walther Cancer Foundation(to YZ and LD).
