笔谈:求真·识史·互鉴——挖掘文物和文化遗产多重价值的理论基础与方法路径

Seeking Truth,Knowing History and Mutual Reference:Theoretical Basis and Paths for Exploring Multiple Values of Cultural Relics and Cultural Heritage

新时代文物工作方针“保护第一,加强管理,挖掘价值,有效利用,让文物活起来”,进一步突出了文物工作的时代特征。“挖掘价值”是文物保护工作的基础。它要求我们一定要有问题意识、历史意识和时代意识,努力关注和揭示隐藏在史实后面的历史内在联系和深层价值。“社区”是国际遗产领域讨论的重要话题。“Community”既译为社区,又译为共同体。从共同体的角度看,社区和中华民族共同体本质上都是共同体,都具有集体记忆和身份认同问题,需要借助族群的历史支持共同体的身份认同。共同体的集体记忆价值定位是社会价值,也有历史价值,集体记忆是整个遗产价值体系的一个重要部分。对价值的认知和建构,离不开与之相关的“人”的因素,在挖掘和赋予遗产价值的过程中,应当始终关注相关群体的作用。价值挖掘既需要浩如烟海的历史文献档案的调查考证,还需要现代科技手段助力,运用现代科学技术理论与方法,开展人文社科与自然科学的多学科交叉研究。大遗址价值挖掘,应正确看待和处理发掘与研究之间的辩证关系,田野发掘是基础,综合研究是提升。水利遗产具有突出的发展性、复杂性、在用性、专业性等特点,其承载的价值主要包括历史、科技、文化价值及现实效益等方面。中国传统木结构建筑的杰出代表应县木塔当前最主要的工作是进行深入调研,明晰其构造机理,掌握建筑所有价值信息载体,在保护过程中妥善处理留存和更新的关系。在挖掘价值的基础上,进行价值转化的路径与实现方式的思考具有十分的必要性。多重价值的有效转化,对于推动社会可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。

The new principles of cultural relics protection and management of“strengthening protection and management,exploring values,and making the cultural relics revive”highlight the characteristics of the times in cultural relics protection and management.Value exploration is the basis for cultural relics protection.To explore values of cultural relics,we must have the consciousness of problems,history and times,and strive to reveal the internal relations and deep values of historical facts.“Community(社)”is an important topic in the field of international heritage.From the perspective of community(共同体),both community(社)and the community of the Chinese nation(中华民族共同体)have problems of collective memory and identity,and the identity of the community should be based on the history of ethnic groups.Community's collective memory has both social values and historical values,and collective memory is a part of the value system of cultural heritage.The cognition and construction of values of cultural heritage are inseparable from the factor of“human."When exploring values of cultural heritage,we should always pay attention to the role of relevant groups.Value exploration needs not only the investigation of vast historical documents,but also modern scientific and technological means to realize value cognition,that is,interdisciplinary research between social sciences and natural sciences should be carried out by using modern scientific and technological theories and methods.The dialectical relationship between excavation and research should be paid attention to when exploring values of great ruins.Comprehensive research should be based on field excavation.Water heritage has significant characteristics of development,complexity and practicality,mainly containing values of history,science and technology,culture and practical benefits.Yingxian Wooden Tower is a representative of traditional wood structure in China,and the current main task is to conduct in-depth investigation,clarify its structural mechanism,understand all the value information of the buildings,and properly handle the relationship between preservation and renewal in the process of protection.On the basis of value exploration,it is necessary to explore the paths of value transformation.The effective transformation of multiple values is of great practical significance for promoting sustainable development of society.