遗产制造与价值挪用——基于《中国的遗产政治:过去的力量》的价值认知

Heritage-making and Value Appropriation:Cognition of Heritage Value Based on Heritage Politics in China:The Power of the Past

在批判遗产研究的思潮下,遗产逐渐被认为是一个由多主体共同介入、不断与当代需求协商的过程。这不仅事关遗产利用的主体与方式,而且还关乎行动的可能性与正当性。中国的遗产资源及其利用方式丰富而多样,但关于其内部逻辑与本质的深度剖解却相较欠缺。朱煜杰与克里斯蒂娜·玛格斯合著的《中国的遗产政治:过去的力量》(Heritage Politics in China:The Power of the Past)一书填补了这一空缺,并为探寻当代遗产利用提供了理论基础与路径指引。本文将“遗产制造”和“价值挪用”作为开启这本书的钥匙,由此来考察当代中国遗产的复杂性,即遗产是如何依靠价值的挪用而在历史、现在与未来的时间维度中被不断制造与再造的。

In the trend of critical heritage studies,heritage has been gradually considered as a process in which multiple subjects intervene and constantly negotiate with contemporary requirements.The process involves not only the subject and measure of the use of heritage but also the possibility and legitimacy of the action.The book Heritage Politics in China:The Power of the Past,coauthored by Yujie Zhu and Christina Maags,came into being under the shift in critical heritage studies and the rise of heritage tourism trend in China.The book sorts out the history of the emergence,normalization,and critical reform of heritage discourse.It also elaborates on how heritage becomes a tool of modernization through three types of cases,namely,urban heritage,living heritage,and ethnic heritage,providing an in-depth analysis of the political intention with Chinese heritage and subtle value appropriate practice.Focusing on the two key concepts which are heritage-making and value appropriation,this paper discusses the essence of the heritage reuse:heritage-making implies heritage as a process.Zhu and Maags divided five stages of heritage-making,revealing how heritage was emancipated from the exclusive state of serving a unitary political intention and then further fit in the current political purpose in the gradual return to its cultural meaning.The process highlights the changes in heritage value from private to public and then back to the private,of which the core is value appropriation.Value appropriation is manifested as the contemporary reuse of the ontological value of heritage.In essence,it means that various subjects make a free adjustment and occupation of heritage value under official(coordinated)control,which is an active and non-confrontational adaptation and negotiation between the state and the authority and between the community and the official.With the improvement of heritage assessment procedures,the state has gradually held an inclusive attitude toward heritage,forming a multi-level value aggregation in conversations and discussions.Diverse views and intentions endow heritage with the infinite potential for multiple uses,fitting with the de-centralized and de-marginalized concepts in critical heritage studies,which is a unique presentation of the use of heritage in China.Heritage Politics in China:The Power of the Past is a theoretical foundation and guiding path for exploring the contemporary use of heritage.Through the review of the book,this paper analyzed the complexity of heritage in contemporary China,that is,how heritage is constantly made and re-made in the temporal dimensions of the past,the present,and the future through value appropriation.