大黄石自然保护地集群空间结构及其对中国的启示

Spatial structure of a protected area cluster in the Greater Yellowstone and its enlightenments to China

科学的空间关系和合理的空间结构是保护地治理的基础,美国大黄石生态系统(简称“大黄石”)是多种单元协调共生的保护地集群典范。经过150多年4个时期的建设,大黄石保护地单元空间关系中的边界重叠问题逐步解决,外部相依和内部嵌套相继建立,在更大范围形成土地利用共生圈层和景观尺度的空间相依关系;保护地集群形成了以国家公园为核心、国家森林为主体、其他类型保护地填补空缺的空间结构;“基础—路径—目标”框架可以解释该结构的形成原因,土地权属、政府治理及资源保护利用是保护地集群形成的物质基础、发展路径及建设目标。对中国的启示:空间管控要关注保护地单元的空间关系和保护地集群的空间结构;政府治理要将自上而下、自下而上的方式相结合。

Rational spatial structure is a precondition of good governance of natural protected area system,and scientific spatial relationship among protected area units is the basis of spatial structure.The Great Yellowstone Ecosystem(GYE)is a model for dealing with multiple spatial relations in protected area clusters.Based on the 9-Intersection Model(9-IM)in topology theory,the relationship between two protected areas is further simplified into three types,namely interdependent,overlapped and nested.Therefore,the complex relationship among different protected areas within a protected area cluster can be predigested into spatial relationship between two protected areas.After the construction of core unit,main unit,system supplement and landscape scale planning,the boundary overlapping relationship of GYE protected area units is gradually resolved and the spatial relationship of external interdependence and internal nesting is established successively,the symbiosis of land use circle layer and the spatial interdependence in landscape scale are formed on a larger scale.The protected area cluster has formed a spatial structure with national parks as the core,national forests as the main body,and other types of protected areas as the supplements.The formation process of spatial structure contains the thinking of"foundation-approach-goal":(1)solving land ownership problem is the material basis of protected area cluster space control;(2)adaptive government governance is the realization way of protected area cluster development;(3)sustainable resource protection and utilization is the goal of protected area cluster construction.For the optimization and integration of protected areas in China,the space control approach shall focus on the spatial relationship of protected area units and spatial structure of protected area clusters;top-down and bottom-up shall be applied as a combination in the governmental governance for natural protected area system construction.