人工智能企业的权力生产及其政治影响

The Power Production and Political Influence of Artificial Intelligence Enterprises

人类社会漫长的政治发展进程中充满了权力生产与权力转移现象。随着人工智能时代的到来,作为人工智能技术关键成分的数据与算法,逐渐成为权力生产的新要素,谁掌握更充分的数据和更先进的算法,谁就可能拥有更多或更大的权力,技术的赋权效应得以彰显。技术赋权可能催生新权力主体,权力转移现象可能再度发生。人工智能企业既因为在数据与算法方面拥有独特的技术优势而内生出部分权力,也因为为国家治理提供技术辅助而另外获得部分权力,可能成为与国家相媲美的新权力中心。人工智能企业的权力增长,可能促使国家治理权力结构从传统的单中心结构变为多中心结构;与此同时,由于人工智能时代的国家治理越来越倚重人工智能企业提供算法支持,而算法可能出现失误,加之“算法黑箱”和卸责链条的存在,因此人工智能企业的权力增长还可能消解权责同体的基本政治规则,引发权责分离现象或者说国家治理问责难题。新权力中心在多大概率上会出现,既取决于国家与人工智能企业的技术实力对比,也取决于国家治理对人工智能企业的技术依赖程度。应对人工智能时代的权责分离现象或者说问责难题,除了促使人工智能企业高度自律,还需要国家匹配备案与试点制、随机抽查检验制、服务积分制等制度设计。

The long process of political development of human society is full of phenomena of power production and transfer.With the advent of the era of artificial intelligence,data and algorithm,as a key component of artificial intelligence technology,have gradually become a new element of power production.Whoever has more sufficient data and more advanced algorithm may have more or greater power,and the empowerment effect of technology can be demonstrated.Technological empowerment may give rise to new power subjects,and the power transfer phenomenon may occur again.Artificial intelligence enterprises not only have some power because of their unique technological advantages in data and algorithm,but also gain some power because of providing technical assistance for state governance,so that artificial intelligence enterprises may become new power center comparable to the state.The growth of the power of artificial intelligence enterprises may promote the transformation of state governance power structure from traditional single-centered to multi-centered.At the same time,due to the increasing reliance of state governance in the era of artificial intelligence on algorithm support provided by artificial intelligence enterprises,which may lead to errors in algorithms,combined with the existence of“algorithm black box”and the chain of avoiding responsibility,the power growth of artificial intelligence enterprises may also eliminate the basic political rules of power and responsibility,causing the phenomenon of separation of power and responsibility or the problem of state governance accountability.The probability of the emergence of new power center depends not only on the technological strength comparison of the state and artificial intelligence enterprises,but also on the degree of technological dependence of state governance on artificial intelligence enterprises.In response to the phenomenon of separation of power and responsibility or the problem of state governance accountability,in addition to promoting the high self-discipline of artificial intelligence enterprises,it is also necessary to design systems such as the state matching record filing and pilot system,random sampling inspection system,service points system.