建筑布局对住区风热环境的影响分析与优化策略

Influence Analysis and Optimization Strategies of Building Layouts on Wind-Heat Environments in Residential Areas

为了改善住区内部公共空间的热舒适性,通过对天津市中心城区内16个典型住区夏季室外温度和风速空间分布进行比较,分析建筑布局与风热环境的关系,并提出不同类型住区热舒适性优化的空间设计策略。结果表明:在微风条件下,昼间15:00:00左右住区内部空气温度空间差异最大,并且各住区内部都形成低温区,其中多层行列式住区低温区面积较小,平均空气温度比其他3个住区平均空气温度高0.3℃左右;昼间住区内部根据平均辐射温度在空间上分为高温区和低温区2个部分,高温时段所有住区低温区面积小于住区面积的20%;低层小街坊住区平均风速最小,高层高密度住区平均风速最大,风速比相差0.19;高温时段,住区空气温度和风速随建筑密度的增大而减小,住区空气温度和风速随天空视域因子的增大而增大,住区风速随建筑高度的增大而增大;通过加密路网、减小建筑密度、增大东西向建筑围合和增大主导风向建筑间距等方法,可以改善夏季高密度住区室外热舒适性。

To improve thermal comfort of public spaces in residential areas,a comparative research was conducted on spatial distribution of outdoor temperature and wind speed in 16 typical residential areas in the central urban area of Tianjin in summer.Relationships between building layouts and wind-heat environments were analyzed,and spatial design strategies for thermal comfort optimization of different types of residential areas were proposed.The results show that under the condition of breeze,the spatial difference of air temperature in the residential areas is the largest at about 15:00:00 during the day.Low-temperature areas are formed in each residential area,of which the low-temperature area of multi-storey determinant residential area is smaller,and the average temperature is about 0.3℃higher than that of the other three residential areas. The interior of the residential areas during the day is spatially divided into two parts of high temperature areas and low temperature areas according to the average radiation temperature, and the area of the low temperature areas in all residential areas during high temperature period is less than 20% of that of the residential areas. The average wind speed in low-rise small block residential areas is the smallest, and the average wind speed in high-rise high-density residential areas is the largest with the wind speed ratio difference of 0.19. During the high temperature period, the air temperature and wind speed of the residential areas decrease with the increase of building density, the air temperature and wind speed of the residential areas increase with the increase of the sky view factor, and the wind speed of the residential areas increase with the increase of building height. The outdoor thermal comfort of high-density residential areas in summer can be improved by incre asing density of road network, reducing building density, increasing east-west building enclosures, and increasing distance between buildings in dominant wind directions.