我国不动产法定公证制度的重新审视与规则构建

The Review and Construction of Our Real Estate Legal Notary System

长期以来,不动产法定公证制度在我国一直处于缺位状态。在地方性法规中,关于不动产强制性公证的规定数量同样在逐渐减少。与此同时,司法实践呈现出对公证前置取态不一的态势。立法上的衔接障碍、对干预契约自由的质疑、交易成本的增加等是我国不动产法定公证制度缺位的主要原因。然而,对国家利益的保护、对政府“放管服”改革的因应、公证公信力与登记公示效力的内在契合等是不动产法定公证制度所具有的独特价值,亦是目前推动构建该制度的重要动力。在新时代,把非诉讼纠纷解决机制挺在前面、打造共建共治共享的社会治理格局是不动产法定公证制度构建的基本遵循。在制度的规则设计上,适用范围宜以实践中长期存在的不动产强制性公证规定为基础来进行划定,具体可以包括涉及外国和我国港澳台地区的房产所有权变更、房屋的赠与以及国有土地使用权的转让与抵押。此外,实行自愿公证与法定公证收费的二元化、建立公证与登记的衔接机制、在公证中探索发展不动产登记代理业务同样是题中应有之义。

For a long time,the legal notarization system of real estate has been absent in China,and the mandatory notarization provisions of real estate in local laws and regulations are also gradually decreasing.At the same time,in the judicial dimension,it also presents the main theme of different attitudes to notarization.By analyzing the causes of the long-term absence of the legal notarization system of real estate,we can find that the legislative connection obstacles,the doubts about the interference in the freedom of contract,and the increase of transaction costs are the reasons that hinder the construction of this system in China.However,the protection of national interests,the response to the government’s“deregulation”reform,and the internal agreement between the notarial credibility and the effectiveness of registration and publicity are the unique values of the legal notarization system of real estate,and are also an important impetus to promote the construction of the system at present.In the new era,“putting the non-litigation dispute resolution mechanism ahead”and“building a social governance pattern of co-construction,cogovernance and sharing”to promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity are the basic concepts of building the legal notarization system of real estate.In terms of the design of the rules of the system,its scope of application should be defined on the basis of the long-standing mandatory notarization provisions of real estate in local laws and regulations,which can specifically include the change of property ownership involving foreign countries,Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan,the donation of houses,and the transfer and mortgage of state-owned land use rights.In addition,the following are also the proper meanings of the topic such as implementing the dualization of voluntary notarization and legal notarization fees,establishing the linkage mechanism between notarization and registration,and exploring the development of real estate registration agency business in notarization.