刑事诉讼中电子数据质证与审查判断运行样态及其启示——基于2013—2022年169份刑事裁判文书的分析

An Empirical Study on Electronic Data Cross-examination and Review Judgment in Criminal Procedure based on an Analysis of 169 Criminal Adjudication Documents from 2013 to 2022

在互联网时代,电子数据在刑事审判中具有重要地位。2013年到2022年的169份刑事裁判文书样本显示,扣押提取、向第三方机构调取和社交信息截图是使用频率较高的三种电子数据取证方式,多数公诉机关将电子数据归入其他法定证据种类,少数公诉机关仅客观描述其物理属性而未予以归类。公诉机关针对电子数据合法性、真实性、关联性等“三性”的质证,则显现出以合法性为重心、以真实性与关联性为补充的现实样态。法院对电子数据审查判断标准也存在差异,呈现出证据归类主观性强、判定标准不统一、控辩双方权利失衡的运行偏差。对此,必须相应地寻求问题的解决路径。

Electronic data plays an important role in criminal trial in the internet era.According to 169 samples of criminal adjudication documents,seizure and extraction,retrieval from third-party institutions and screenshots are the three most frequent methods of electronic data forensics.More than half of the public prosecution organs classified electronic data into other types of legal evidence,and a few public prosecution organs only objectively described its physical proper-ties without classifying it.For the cross-examination of three characteristics of electronic data,the reality pattern appears with legitimacy as the focus and authenticity and relevance as the supplement.Courts also differ in the judgment standards of electronic data review,showing strong subjectivity of evidence classification,inconsistent judgment standards,and rights imbalance of both parties.To this end,we must seek solutions accordingly.