Biodiversity of freshwater ciliates(Protista,Ciliophora)in the Lake Weishan Wetland,China:the state of the

Ciliates are core components of the structure of and function of aquatic microbial food webs.They play an essential role in the energy flow and material circulation within aquatic ecosystems.However,studies on the taxonomy and biodiversity of freshwater ciliates,especially those in wetlands in China are limited.To address this issue,a project to investigate the freshwater ciliates of the Lake Weishan Wetland,Shandong Province,commenced in 2019.Here,we summarize our findings to date on the diversity of ciliates.A total of 187 ciliate species have been found,94 of which are identified to species-level,87 to genus-level,and six to family-level.These species show a high morphological diversity and represent five classes,i.e.,Heterotrichea,Litostomatea,Prostomatea,Oligohymenophorea,and Spirotrichea.The largest number of species documented are oligohymenophoreans.A comprehensive database of these ciliates,including morphological data,gene sequences,microscope slide specimens and a DNA bank,has been established.In the present study,we provide an annotated checklist of retrieved ciliates as well as information on the sequences of published species.Most of these species are recorded in China for the first time and more than 20%are tentatively identified as new to science.Additionally,an investigation of environmental DNA revealed that the ciliate species diversity in Lake Weishan Wetland is higher than previously supposed.