元末士人雅集中不善画者乘兴作画的美学意蕴

The Aesthetic Implications of Painting by Unskilled Painters in the Gathering of Scholars at the End of the Yuan Dynasty

元末士人雅集中一些不善画者乘兴作画,他们的画作也得到了雅集参与者的认可与赞赏。这种看似微不足道的现象呈现出更为真实的元末士人心态,也可从中略窥中国古代士人的日常习性以及心性修养之道。第一,元末士人绘画从适兴寄意的墨戏深化为图写情性;第二,元末士人雅集中的诗、书、画、乐等活动是相与兴赏而成的,他们尽享参与之乐,彰显士人风雅,实现自我完善;第三,元代“六艺”观念的变迁使士人们可以在诗、文、书、画等“今之艺”中修身志道,作画水平与品评标准遂超越了画技本身;第四,中国古代士人具有丰富的精神世界与多重的文化身份,作画是士人提高心性修养、实现儒家“成人”理想的重要途径之一。

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty,some unskilled painters painted on the spot,and their paintings were recognized and appreciated by the participants of the gathering of scholars.This seemingly trivial phenomenon presented a more real mentality of the scholars,and could also provide a glimpse of the daily habits of ancient Chinese scholars and the way of spiritual cultivation.Firstly,at the end of the Yuan Dynasty,the painting of the scholars deepened from the ink play of"expressing the emotion"to draw the emotion and disposition.Secondly,at the end of the Yuan Dynasty,the poetry,calligraphy,painting,music and other activities of the scholars in the gathering of scholars were formed by each other,the scholarsenjoyed the joy of participation,showed the elegance of scholars,achieved self-improvement.Thirdly,the changes in the concept of"Six Arts"in the Yuan Dynasty enabled scholars to cultivate their morality in the"Arts of Today"such as poetry,literature,calligraphy,and painting,the painting level and evaluation standard had surpassed the painting technique itself.Fourthly,ancient Chinese scholars had a rich spiritual world and multiple cultural identities.Painting was one of the important ways for scholars to improve their spiritual cultivation and realize the Confucian ideal of"Adult".