上海市时间贫困人群的日常活动模式与特征

DAILY ACTIVITY PATTERNS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TIME-POVERTY PEOPLE IN SHANGHAI

随着城市生活时间节奏的加快,时间已经成为稀缺资源,越来越多的居民陷入“时间贫困”的困境,这制约了居民日常活动的安排与幸福感的获得,我们应对这一问题予以关注。本文基于2018年上海市居民时间利用调查的数据,参照国外研究方法识别了时间贫困就业人员及其基本类型,并分析了其社会经济属性与活动模式特征。研究以“实际自由时间”中位数的60%(2.72h/d)为时间贫困线,发现上海市有20.10%的就业人员为时间贫困人群。其时间利用的基本特征为睡眠时间不足或闲暇时间少、基本不发生家外闲暇活动,女性、育儿及体力型职业群体等时间贫困占比较高。在类型构成上,可识别出工作挤压型、家庭挤压型与通勤挤压型3种类型,其中,因工作时间过长而时间贫困的工作挤压型为主要类型。时间贫困人群由于强时间约束导致其家外非工作活动参与率低,对家、工作地与通勤沿线设施依赖程度高,但存在类型上的不同。在此基础上,讨论了时间贫困与城市空间的互动关系及规划应对方向,以期为“人本导向”的城市空间规划提供新的研究视角。

With the accelerated pace of modern life,time has become a scarce resource,and an increasing number of residents are caught in the dilemma of"time poverty"that constrains their daily activities and feeling of happiness,therefore deserves our concerns.Based on the data from 2018 Shanghai Residents'Time Use Survey,this paper establishes a method to identify time poverty in Shanghai and analyzes the types and activity patterns of the time-poverty employed people.Using 60%of the median"actual free time"(2.72h/d)as the time poverty line,the study finds that 20.10%of employed people in Shanghai are in time poverty.The basic characteristics of their time use pattern are:insufficient sleep or little leisure time,basically no leisure activities outside the home,and a higher percentage of the time-poverty people are women,people focusing on childcare,and people engaging in manual work.Three types of time poverty are identified,namely work-stressed,home-stressed,and commute-stressed,among which the workstressed type is the main type.Due to the strong time constraints,the time-poverty employees show low participation rates in out-of-home non-work activities and high reliance on the facilities around their home,workplace,and along their commuting route,but there are differences among the timepoverty types.Finally,this paper discusses the interactive relationship between the time poverty and the urban space,and the countermeasures in urban planning,in order to provide a new research perspective for"human-oriented"urban spatial planning.