从自治走向共治:新时代“乡村共同体”的理论建构

FROM SELF-GOVERNANCE TO CO-GOVERNANCE:THEORIZATION ON“NEW RURAL COMMUNITAS”IN THE MODERN AGE

自滕尼斯的共同体理论提出后,乡村共同体成为观察传统乡村社会的重要理论视角。基于此,提出了“共同体是否尚存于现代乡村社会”这个命题。首先,回溯了在国家政权、市场/社会影响下我国乡村共同体发展演进的3个阶段,表现为乡村内部组织能力渐弱、国家干预不断加强、市场要素与社会流动逐渐开放;而21世纪以来,乡村共同体在现实中也面临着内生性与外生性的挑战,但仍具备再发展的可能:一方面,其作为基层治理单元与乡村共同利益代表的主体,具有存续的必要性;另一方面,其面临转型的必然性,需要进行内生性的更新与外生性的发展。面向未来,提出由内生力、政府力、市场/社会力3力整合构建的“新乡村共同体”理论框架,以内生力的培育为形成共同体的先行基础、以3力平衡的利益联结为合作关系、以促进内生力的发展为核心、以动态调整政府力与市场/社会力的关系为互动规律,以期使共同体理论在我国乡村现代化演绎与共建方面提供思路启发。

Since the theory of Community(Gemeinschaft)has been put forward by Ferdinand Tonnies,rural community has been an important theoretical perspective for observing traditional rural society.Based on that,this paper puts forward the question of"whether community still exists in the modern rural society".First,the paper examines the three stages of development of Chinese rural community under the influence of state power and market/society,which are:the weakening of internal organizational capacity of rural community,the continuous strengthening of state intervention,and the gradual promotion of economic and social mobility.Entering the 21st century,rural community is faced with both endogenous and exogenous challenges,but it still has the possibility of further development.On the one hand,rural community,as a grassroots governance unit and a subject representing the common interests of villages,has the necessity of existence;on the other hand,it faces the inevitability of transformation,which requires both endogenous regeneration and exogenous development.For future development,this paper proposes a theoretical framework of"new rural communitas"by integrating the endogenous force,government force,and market/social force.The"new rural communitas"takes the cultivation of endogenous force as the basis,the balance of interests among the three forces as the cooperative relationship,the development of endogenous force as the core,and the dynamic adjustment of government and market/social forces as the law of interaction.The aim of theorizing the"new rural communitas"is to provide ideas for rural modernization and guidance for rural co-construction.