久治县牧民迁徙范围缩小及草场黑土化问题研究——以非平衡理论和地方性知识为视角

A Study on the Reduction of Migration Range of Herdsmen and the Blackening of Grasslands in Jiuzhi County--From the Perspective of Unbalanced Theory and Local Knowledge

20世纪20年代,学界在探讨草场管理制度时形成了两种理论,即平衡理论和非平衡理论。平衡理论是多数牧业国家制定草场管理制度时的理论依据,我国的草场承包政策也一度受这一理论的影响。但平衡理论只关注人为因素(放牧),忽视了自然因素的影响。本文根据非平衡理论,认为在草场从公用变为私用的过程中,草场的划分受当时交通条件的影响。离乡镇和寺院较远的牧民,分到的草场面积大,反之分到的草场面积小。在当时,这无疑是一种公平的草场划分方式。然而,由于乡镇与寺院附近牧户过于集中,加上冬季草场的固定和围栏的设立,牲畜的移动空间缩小,导致草场遭受长时间踩踏而退化。作者认为草场连片的牧户之间进行放牧配额管理,不仅能减轻草场压力,而且对社区的稳定、互助和发展具有一定的积极作用。

The balance theoiy is the theoretical basis for formulating grassland management systems in most pastoral countries.China's grassland contracting policy was once influenced by the balance theory,but the balance theory only focuses on human factors(grazing),ignoring the impact of natural factors.Based on the non equilibrium theory,this paper points out that during the process of changing grassland from public use to private use,the division of grassland is affected by the traffic conditions at that time.Herdsmen who are far away from towns and monasteries will be assigned a large area of grassland,whereas those who are assigned a small area of grassland.At that time,it was a fair way to divide grasslands.However,due to the concentration of herdsmen near towns and monasteries,as well as the fixation of grasslands and the establishment of fences in winter,the movement space of livestock is reduced,resulting in the degradation of grasslands due to long-term trampling.The management of grazing quotas among herdsmen with contiguous grasslands can not only alleviate the pressure on the grassland,but also have a positive impact on the stability,mutual assistance,and development of the community.