踩踏事件中过失责任的认定路径——以日本明石步道桥踩踏事件为例

Identification Path of the Negligence Liability in the Crowd Crush Accident——Take the Japanese Akashi Pedestrian Bridge Crowd Crush Accident as an Example

新过失论诉诸行为人未尽的注意义务来形塑其过失不法,这会消解过失作为犯的概念,且将回溯地把各类未尽注意义务的行为均视为实行行为。如在日本明石步道桥踩踏事件中,新过失论便主张回溯地追问相关被告人于不同阶段的实行行为,这有所不妥。旧过失论承认过失不作为犯的独立性,但旧过失论在试图运用结果回避可能性概念说明不作为犯成立时,应重构此概念的内在逻辑,从事后设想可回避结果的临界时点,依该时点中行为人对采取特定措施的必要性之自觉性与负担,判断此后的结果回避可能性。在该时点所确定的保证人之不作为,便是具有实质危险性的实行行为。此外,在踩踏事件中还应考虑案发现场的环境,准确界定这种临界时点以捕捉具有实质危险性的不作为。

The new negligence theory refers to the actor's unfulfilled duty of care to shape the negligent illegality,which will eliminate the concept of negligent act crime and will retroactively regard all kinds of acts of unfulfilled duty of care as perpetrating act.For example,the new negligence theory advocates that the relevant defendants perpetrating act at different stages should be asked retroactively in the Akashi Pedestrian Bridge crowd crush accident,which is inappropriate.The old negligence theory admits the independence of negligent omission crime.However,when the old negligence theory try to explain the establishment of the omission crime by using the possibility of avoiding consequence,it should refactor the internal logic of its concept,assume the critical time point at which the consequence can be avoided from the perspective of hindsight,and judge the possibility of avoiding consequence after this time point based on the necessary consciousness and burden of the actor on taking specific measures.The omission of the guarantor determined at that time point is the perpetrating act with substantive danger.In the crowd crush accident,we should also consider the environment at the scene of the crime accurately,and define this critical time point to catch the substantive dangerous omission.