东北黑土区水土保持重点工程措施保存现状及其问题

Preservation Status and Problems of Key Soil and Water Conservation Projects in Black Soil Region of Northeast China

[目的]系统评估国家水土保持重点工程的措施保存情况,为东北黑土区水土流失治理提质增效提供依据,促进黑土地保护和水土保持高质量发展。[方法]以2019年以前在东北黑土区实施的国家水土保持重点工程为对象,选取52个小流域的坡面治理工程和8个小流域(项目区)的侵蚀沟治理工程开展调研,共抽核325个坡面图斑和32条侵蚀沟,并对结果进行分析诊断。[结果]全区水土保持重点工程中的治沟措施保存情况明显优于坡面措施,平均保存率分别为95.00%和56.51%。坡面治理措施的保存率存在明显的类别和空间分异,侵蚀沟治理措施普遍保存完好,生态节地型措施保存率较高,个别措施在部分地区需提质增效和加强管护。[结论]今后应加强东北黑土区梯田、地埂植物带等传统措施的优化和管护,研发适应现代农业的生态节地型水土保持新措施,并探索建设黑土地水土保持技术中试基地;定期开展重点工程成效评估,提出分区分类措施推荐名录,打造不同类型示范样本。

[Objective]Measures of national key soil and water conservation projects(NKSWCP)were systematically evaluated to provide a basis for improving the quality and efficiency of soil and water loss control in the black soil area of Northeast China,and to promote the high quality development of black soil protection and soil and water conservation.[Methods]The NKSWCP implemented in the black soil region of Northeast China before 2019 was taken as the object,and the slope treatment projects in 52 small watersheds and gully treatment projects in eight project areas were investigated,for which 325 slope map spots and 32 gullies were sampled,respectively.Results were analyzed and diagnosed.[Results]The preservation of gully treatment measures was significantly better than the preservation of slope treatment measures,and the average preservation rates were 95.00%and 56.51%,respectively.There were obvious category differences and spatial differences in the preservation rate of slope treatment measures,while gully treatment measures were generally well preserved,and the preservation rate of ecological land-saving measures was high.A few measures regarding slope and gully treatments are needed to improve construction quality and to strengthen future management in some areas.[Conclusion]In the future,in black soil region of Northeastern China,people should strengthen the optimization and management of traditional measures such as terraces,ridge tillage,and ridge plant belts;develop new ecological land-saving erosion control measures suitable for modern agriculture;and explore the construction of pilot bases for black soil land and water conservation technology.Regular evaluation of the effectiveness of NKSWCP should be conducted,a recommended directory of zoning and classification measures should be put forward,and different types of demonstration samples should be created.