美国遗产阐释理念的早期探索与建构--以国家公园阐释实践为中心

The Exploration and Construction of American Heritage Interpretation Ideas--Focusing on the Interpretation and Practice of National Parks

19世纪下半叶至20世纪中叶是美国遗产阐释思想的酝酿期和奠基期,以国家公园为中心的遗产阐释实践是美国阐释理念发展的先锋地。其阐释由零星的、非官方的个人或组织行为逐渐发展为以教育为基本导向的公共服务职能,从偏重人工向导解说发展为综合的阐释性教育项目,同时从形式和内涵上对阐释和传统教育做出了区分,强调对个人的启发和意义获得;阐释的对象由最初的自然遗产,逐渐扩展到历史文化遗产领域,将阐释视为讲述“美国故事”、培育爱国主义的中心环节,有意识地为民众营造“活的历史”的体验氛围,借此构建国民身份、增强文化认同。

The second half of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century was the gestation and foundation period of American heritage interpretation.The practice of heritage interpretation centering on national parks pioneered the development of American heritage interpretation ideas.Interpretation has gradually developed from sporadic and unofficial individual or organizational behaviors to education-oriented public service functions,as well as from manual interpretation to comprehensive interpretive education projects.At the same time,there are distinctions between interpretation and traditional education in terms of form and content,emphasizing individual inspiration and comprehension of significance.The subject of interpretation has gradually expanded from natural heritage to historic and cultural heritage.Interpretation is regarded as the key link to telling the“American story”and cultivating patriotism,which consciously creates a“living history”atmosphere for the public,thereby building national identity and enhancing cultural identity.