“举世而非之而不加沮”之“沮”义辨

Discrimination on the Meaning of Ju(沮)in Jushi er Fei Zhi er Bu Jia Ju(举世而非之而不加沮)

《庄子·逍遥游》“举世而非之而不加沮”之“沮”应训为“止”。当下学者多承袭唐代成玄英所疏,释为“沮丧”,然此义鲜见于先秦其他文献。先秦文献“沮”“劝”对举或“劝沮”“沮劝”连用时,“沮”皆释为“止”。“沮”本有“止”义,其与“阻”“柤”作为音同义近的同源词常相互通用。魏晋时,“沮”由“坏、止”义引申出“沮丧”义,在同义类同引申作用下,晋时“阻”亦产生“沮丧”义。故“沮”之“沮丧”义最早见于魏晋,其在《庄子·逍遥游》中当释为退却、止步。字词释义应充分结合文本语境以及词义发展的时代背景,切忌以今律古。

In Zhuangzi·Xiaoyaoyou(庄子·逍遥游),the ju(沮)should be translated as“prevent”in Jushi er Fei Zhi er Bu Jia Ju(举世而非之而不加沮).Nowadays,scholars mostly inherited what Cheng Xuanying(成玄英)wrote in the Tang(唐)Dynasty and interpreted it as“depressed”,but this meaning is rarely seen in other pre-Qin(先秦)documents.In the pre-Qin(先秦)literature,when ju(沮)and quan(劝)are used together or quanju(劝沮)and juquan(沮劝)are used together,ju(沮)is interpreted as“prevent”.Ju(沮)originally has the meaning of“prevent”,and its cognate words which are synonymous with zu(阻)and zu(柤)are often used interchangeably.In the Wei(魏)and Jin(晋)Dynasties,the meaning of ju(沮)was derived from the meaning of“bad,stop”and the meaning of“frustration”was derived from the meaning of“resistance”in the Jin(晋)Dynasty.Therefore,the meaning of“depression”in ju(沮)was first seen in the Wei(魏)and Jin(晋)Dynasties,and ju(沮)should be interpreted as retreat and prevent in Zhuangzi·Xiaoyaoyou(庄子·逍遥游).The interpretation of words should be fully integrated with the context of the text and the background,and do not use the present meaning to interpreter the ancient words.