手工技艺传承困境的历史成因——基于知识产权保护视角的分析

The Historical Cause of the Current Dilemma of Handicraft Inheritance-Analysis Based on the Perspective of Intellectual Property

手工技艺是人类非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分。当前我国手工技艺传承正面临着传承脉络断代、传承主体缺位、传统技艺流失等困境,而造成这一困境的主要原因是传统手工技艺的传承制度出现问题。手工业是知识密集型行业,手工业者依靠独特的手工技艺维持生存和发展,但手工技艺具有外部性特点,只有其知识产权得到有效保护,手工业者才能凭借技艺垄断获得超额收益。新中国成立以前,虽然正式的国家知识产权保护制度有所缺失,但是手工业者通过家族传承、师徒相授两种封闭性的传承方式,有效保护其知识产权,手工技艺也得以世代传承。20世纪50年代的手工业合作化,对手工技艺知识产权问题的重视程度不够,适合时代需要的手工技艺知识产权保护制度尚未完全建立起来,而传统的知识产权保护机制受到严重冲击后难以持续,导致不少手工技艺失传,手工业者进行技艺创新的动力不足,手工技艺传承陷入困境。

Handicrafts are an important part of human intangible cultural heritage.At present,the inheritance of Chinese craftsmanship is facing the dilemma of inheritance,lack of inheritance,and loss of traditional skills.The main cause of this dilemma is that there are problems in the inheritance system of traditional handicraft skills.The handicraft industry is a knowledge-intensive industry.Handicraftsmen rely on unique skills to survive and develop.However,handicrafts have external characteristics.Only when their intellectual property rights are effectively protected can handicraftsmen obtain excess profits by the mo-nopoly of skills.Before the founding of the People's Republic of China,although the formal national intellectual property protection system was lacking,handi-craftsmen had effectively protected their intellectual property rights and passed on handicraft skills through two closed inheritance methods:family inheritance and mentoring inheritance.The handicraft industry cooperation in the 1950s did not pay enough attention to the issue of intellectual property rights of handicraft skills,and the intellectual property rights protection system for handicraft skills suitable for the needs of the times had not been fully established.The traditional intellectual property rights protection mechanism was difficult to sustain after being severely impacted,resulting in the loss of many manual skills,insufficient motivation for the handicraftsmen to carry out technological innovation,and the inheritance of manual skills in trouble.