我国国家公园特许经营管理机制比较与构建

The Comparison and Construction of Concession Management Mechanism in China National Parks

国家公园是重要的文化旅游资源。国家公园特许经营是指在坚持生态保护的前提下,为提高国家公园管理效率和公园访客生态体验服务质量,通过竞争及其他特定方式优选受许人,依法授予其开展与国家公园建设和管理目标相一致的规定范围、数量、质量的经营性服务活动。文章对比了传统经营方式和特许经营方式的差别,分析了国家公园特许经营与其他自然保护地特许经营的特殊性,最后围绕我国10个国家公园(试点)当前的特许经营管理制度及政策做了对比分析,发现我国10个国家公园(试点)的特许经营管理机制制定时均提出了特许经营范围、授权方式、项目监管、社区反哺4个方面的内容与要求,均呈现比较一致的系统化组织管理方式:合理规划→公平分配→有效监管,但各国家公园(试点)的特许经营管理组织方式和侧重点不尽相同,形式多样,缺乏统一的标准和规范,以此分析我国国家公园特许经营制度存在的问题,提出中国国家公园特许经营制度建设的建议,以期为今后国家公园乃至整个自然保护地体系的特许经营广泛开展提供参考借鉴。

National Park concession management refers to the selection of concessioners through bidding or other approaches and grant the concessioners with authority to conduct operations in accordance with the stated objectives and regulations of national park development and management.The purpose of the concession management is to ensure ecological protection,management efficiency and service quality.This article analyses and compares policies related to concession management in ten national parks in China,based on a general comparison of traditional and concession operation modes and difference of concession management between national park and other natural protected areas.Findings reveal that there are four key elements in concession management,namely concession scopes,authorization method,project supervision,and community support.The management approach is consistent as they all go through a systematic process of rational planning,fair distribution,and effective supervision.However,management practice varies as each national park may have its own focus in management.There lacks unified standards and specifications in practice.Based on the issues,this paper provides suggestions for the development of China's national park concession system,which may work as a reference for not only the development of concession management mechanism in national parks but also nature reservation areas.