山东省高水平运动员膳食营养调查及干预研究

Investigation and Intervention Study on Diet and Nutrition of Elite Athletes in Shandong Province

目的:选取山东省体育训练中心68名高水平运动员为调查对象,采用3天24小时膳食调查法结合营养KAP问卷进行调查,通过4周的营养干预改进运动员的饮食习惯。结果:(1)运动员的总能量摄入量等于64.8%推荐量,蛋白质、脂肪摄入量达到推荐量的80%~100%,碳水化合物摄入量是推荐量的53%。体能类运动员维生素B_(1)的摄入量/推荐量的比高于技能类运动员(P<0.05),钙的摄入量/推荐量的比低于技能类运动员(P<0.05);(2)运动员的早餐摄入供能比达到推荐值,女性运动员的早餐摄入供能比显著高于男性运动员(P<0.05),午餐摄入供能比小于最低推荐比(35%),晚餐摄入供能比超过最大推荐值(30%);(3)运动员的营养态度和行为之间具有显著的相关(r=0.434),女性运动员的营养知识(P<0.01)和行为(P<0.05)均显著优于男性运动员;(4)营养干预后,运动员的碳水化合物和午餐摄入量显著提高(P<0.05)。结论:高水平运动员应加大碳水化合物、维生素A和B_(1)的摄入量,适当提高午餐能量摄入,减少晚餐能量摄入。4周的营养干预研究能够积极改善运动员的膳食状况。

Objective:To investigate the diet and nutrition of athletes,the authors selected 68 elite athletes from Shandong Sports Training Center as the research object and did a three-day survey on their diet and their nutrition K.A.P with questionnaires,and improved the athletes' dietary habits through a 4-week nutritional intervention.Results:(1) The total energy intake of athletes was equal to 64.8% of the recommendation,protein and fat intake reached 80%~100% of the recommendation,carbohydrate intake was equal to 53% of the recommendation.The ratio of vitamin B1 intake/recommendation amount of physical athletes was higher than that of skilled athletes(P0.05);the ratio of calcium intake/recommended amount was lower than that of skilled athletes(P0.05).(2) Portion of calorific energy supply with breakfast reached the recommended value,the portion of female athletes was significantly higher than that of male(P0.05).Portion of calorific energy supply with lunch was less than the minimum recommended ratio(35%),while dinner exceeded the maximum recommended ratio(30%).(3) The accuracy rate of elite athlete's nutrition knowledge was 66%,the attitude to nutrition was positive,80% of athletes' diet was healthy.There was a significant correlation between nutritional attitude and behavior(r=0.434**),the nutrition knowledge(P0.01) and behavior(P0.05) of female athletes were significantly better than those of the male.(4)The carbohydrate and lunch intake increased significantly after the nutritional intervention(P0.05).Conclusion:Athletes should increase the intakes of carbohydrate,vitamin A and B1,properly increase energy intake for lunch while reduce the intake for dinner.The 4-week dietary nutrition intervention was able to effectively improve athletes' dietary intake.