发达国家残障人体育公共服务体系建设及启示

The Construction of Public Service System of Sports for People with Disabilities in Developed Countries and its Inspiration

发达国家的残障人体育公共服务体系较为成熟,残障人体育实践开展经验丰富。以美、英、日、澳残障人体育公共服务为研究对象,从供给主体、保障体系及实施路径方面对发达国家残障人体育公共服务体系建设进行分析。研究发现:发达国家在多元化供给主体及政策法规引领下,结合残障人残障类型及身心特点针对性开展体育活动,建设具有较强适应性的场地来满足不同残障类型人群的体育公共服务需求。与发达国家相比,我国残障人体育公共服务整体发展态势较好,但在多元化与精准化供给、社会组织及第三方参与残障人体育公共服务的建设方面与发达国家具有一定差距。发达国家残障人体育公共服务体系建设对我国残障人体育公共服务体系建设具有积极的启发意义:(1)改革政府职能,厘定供给主体职责;提升残障人社会组织的承接能力;提高残障人体育公共服务治理效率。(2)聚焦残障人体育需求,实现服务精准化。积极与国家推出的“残疾人健身周”等平台对接开展残障人体育活动;定期对残障人体育生活方式进行调查;支持服务残障人的电子产品、移动应用软件等开发应用嵌入残障人体育公共服务域,实现体育公共信息资源共享,为残障人参与体育活动创造优质环境。(3)盘活社会组织存量,探索多元化的实施路径。鼓励残障人体育组织、高校及企业合作,聚焦我国残障人的体质测试标准制定、运动康复系统构建及无障碍设施建设等领域;建立第三方遴选机制,发挥各部门的资源优势,进行精准补助,形成政府牵头,中残联、民政、财政等部门联合工作机制;完善志愿服务体系,建立志愿服务奖励办法。

The public service system of sports for people with disabilities in developed countries is more mature and has rich experience in the practice.This study takes the public services for people with disabilities in the United States,the United Kingdom,Japan and Australia as the research objects,and explores the construction of the public service system of sports for the disabled in developed countries in terms of supplying subjects,guaranteeing systemsand implementation paths.The study finds that under the guidance of diversified supply subjects and policies and regulations,developed countries combine the types of disabilities and physical and mental characteristics of the disabled to carry out targeted sports activities and build more adaptable venues to meet different needs.Compared with developed countries,the overall development of public sports services for the disabled in China is relatively good,but there is a gap with developed countries in terms of diversified and precise supply,as well as the participation of social organizations and the third parties in the construction of public sports services.The construction of the service system in developed countries has positive implications for China:1)Reform government functions and clarify the responsibilities of supplying subjects;improve the undertaking capacity of social organizations for the disabled;and improve the governance efficiency of public sports services.2)Focus on the sports needs and provide targeted service.Actively connect to platforms such as the National"Disabled Persons'Fitness Week"to carry out sports activities;regularly conduct surveys on the sports lifestyles;realize the sharing of public sports information resources to create a quality environment for persons with disabilities to participate in sports activities.3)Revitalize the stock of social organizations and explore diversified implementation paths;encourage cooperation between sports organizations and universities and enterprises,focus on the development of physical fitness test standards for persons with disabilities in China,the construction of a sports rehabilitation system and the construction of barrier-free facilities;establish a third-party selection mechanism,bring into play the resource advantages of various departments for precise subsidies,and form a working mechanism led by the government and joined by the China Disabled Persons'Federation and other departments;improve the volunteer service system and establish a volunteer service incentive mechanism.