潮汕地区丧葬习俗个案研究——以汕头市Z村为例

A Case Study on Funeral Customs in the Chaoshan Region——Taking Z Village in Shantou City as an Example

潮汕地区丧葬习俗是传统伦理道德与地方文化艺术相结合的一种仪式,流程主要包括四大部分:殡前事项、做功德、出殡和丧后祭拜。潮汕内部的丧葬习俗存在区域差异,主要的差异有停尸公厅的时间、“做功德”的流程以及丧后祭拜的“做旬”次数。结合文献与田野调查,从儒家传统伦理道德、差序格局及重男轻女、五服制度、治丧组织、风水信仰、攀比之风这几个方面进行探析,潮汕丧葬习俗背后具有深厚的文化内涵。潮汕宗族组织的存在是丧葬习俗传承至今的根本原因。潮汕丧葬习俗虽然在新时代有迷信、从众攀比等弊端,但是也在逐步简化不合时宜的程序,同时作为乡村集体记忆的一种载体,对于增加宗族内部的认同感、基层治理等方面有一定的现实意义,仍有其存在的空间。

Funeral customs in the Chaoshan region are a combination of traditional ethics and local culture and art.The process mainly includes four parts:pre-funeral matters,deeds of deliverance,the funeral procession,and post-funeral worship.There are regional differences in funeral customs within Chaoshan,the main differences being the time of the placement of the departed in the mortuary hall of the clan,the process of deliverance,and the number of worship rituals after the funeral.Based on the literature and field research,this paper analyzes the profound cultural connotation behind the funeral customs in Chaoshan from the aspects of traditional Confucian ethics,the pattern of differential order,the preference for boys over girls,the five-apparel system,funeral organizations,geomancy beliefs,and the trend of comparison.The existence of Chaoshan clan organizations is the fundamental reason for the inheritance of funeral customs to this day.Although the funeral customs in Chaoshan have drawbacks in the new era,such as superstition and conformity,they are gradually simplifying outdated procedures.At the same time,as a carrier of rural collective memory,these customs have certain practical significance for increasing the sense of identity within the clan and in grassroots governance,and therefore,there is a necessity for their existence.