从中国扶贫政策的伟大变革看历史性脱贫奇迹——基于行动者网络理论的回溯分析

The Evolutionary Logic and Historical Achievements of China’s Poverty Alleviation Policy:A Retrospective Analysis Based on Actor Network Theory

党的二十大报告强调,完成脱贫攻坚、全面建成小康社会的历史任务是十八大以来对党和人民事业兼具重大现实意义和深远历史意义的三件大事之一。2020年中国历史性地消除了绝对贫困,创造了世界减贫奇迹,探索这一奇迹背后的“密码”离不开对中国扶贫政策变革的回溯与分析。已有研究多着眼于宏大叙事或微观刻画基础上的描述性分析,缺乏统一性的分析框架引领深入分析。依循通过中国扶贫故事的小切口来提炼出扶贫的中国命题和本土理论的基本思路,基于行动者网络理论构建“行动单元-行动转译-行动网络”的逻辑链条,系统分析和归纳中国扶贫政策的特征。研究显示,我国扶贫政策呈现出以下阶段性特征。第一,中央政府主导的单中心扶贫阶段:中央政府作为关键行动者,以体制改革转译为中心,扶贫网络呈现出高级政府为核心的单主体特征。第二,中央政府联动地方政府的行政扶贫阶段:行动者网络纵向延伸,以开发式扶贫转译为中心,初步形成上级政府驱动下级政府的行政扶贫网络。第三,政府主导、多方参与的“一核多元”扶贫阶段:动员多元力量参与扶贫,以多向度扶贫转译为中心,搭建政府驱动社会参与的多元参与扶贫网络。第四,党政同责下的复合型网络阶段:坚持党政同责的原则,以党政统合转译为中心,依托大数据建构更为包容性的综合治理模式。

In 2020,China has historically eliminated absolute poverty and created a miracle of poverty reduction in the world.The exploration of the password behind this miracle needs to go back to China’s poverty alleviation policy itself.Most of the existing studies focus on descriptive analysis based on grand narrative or micro characterization,and lack a unified analytical framework to lead in-depth analysis.Following the basic idea of refining the Chinese proposition and local theory of poverty alleviation through the small incision of China’s poverty alleviation story,this paper constructs the logical chain of“action unit action translation action network”based on the actor network theory,and systematically analyzes and summarizes the characteristics of China’s poverty alleviation policy.The research shows that China’s poverty alleviation policy presents the following phased characteristics.the single center poverty alleviation stage led by the Central Government:the central government,as a key actor,takes the translation of system reform as the center,and the poverty alleviation network presents the single subject characteristics with the high-level government as the core;The administrative poverty alleviation stage in which the central government interacts with the local government:the actor network extends vertically,takes the development poverty alleviation translation as the center,and initially forms an administrative poverty alleviation network driven by the superior government and the subordinate government;The“one core and multiple”poverty alleviation stage led by the government and participated by multiple parties:mobilize multiple forces to participate in poverty alleviation,focus on multi-dimensional poverty alleviation translation,and build a multi-dimensional poverty alleviation network driven by the government and social participation;Compound network stage under the same responsibility of the party and government:adhere to the principle of the same responsibility of the party and government,focus on the integration and translation of the party and government,and build a more inclusive comprehensive governance model based on big data.