全过程人民民主的道德之维

The Moral Dimension of the Whole-Process of People’s Democracy

政治与道德在现代语境下的分野,使得民主之于理性多元世界的合理话语解释缺失。政治上的“去道德化”与资本主义的内在矛盾有长久渊源,并导致西式民主未能将自主的道德规范与多元的理性主体很好地联系起来,由此陷入了民主正当性的话语迷失。面对现代民主的“去道德化”事实,植根于社会主义伟大实践的全过程人民民主重建了民主话语的正当性。从本质上看,全过程人民民主是继承了马克思主义民主理论并且发展了人民民主的一种全新形态,而从政治正当性的标准是作用于政治对象的终极价值层面上看,民主形态则隶属于道德和伦理文化的范畴。因此,对于厘清民主这一事物发展的根本性问题而言,关键仍在于政治与道德分野之后的民主正当性如何论证的问题。与西式民主的程序性道德取向不同,全过程人民民主具有实质性的道德内涵。全过程人民民主对政治公共领域的道德性的复归,可从道德界限的划定与道德有效性的生成条件两个方面来加以把握,而从道德的认识论意义、实质道德对程序道德的替代以及政治与法律制度的道德原则等三个向度,还可进一步论证民主政治与道德规范这一互动关系的基本逻辑。这三个向度构成了现代民主对于政治德性的某种阐释,反映出民主实践对于主体需要的道德检视,共同体现了全过程人民民主的道德基础。从道德因素考察中国式的全过程人民民主,应是建构具有显著优势的民主正当性目标及其话语体系的重要维度。

The separation between politics and morality in the modern context makes the rational discourse interpretation of democracy to the rational and pluralistic world missing.The long-standing relationship between political“demoralization”and the inherent contradictions of capitalism has led to the failure of Western-style democracy to connect independent moral norms with multiple rational subjects,thus falling into the discourse of democratic legitimacy.Facing the de-moralization of modern democracy,the whole-process of people’s democracy,rooted in the great practice of socialism,rebuilt the legitimacy of democratic discourse.In essence,the whole-process of people’s democracy is a new form of people’s democracy that inherits Marxist democratic theory and develops it,from the point of view that the standard of political legitimacy is the ultimate value of the political object,the form of democracy belongs to the category of moral and ethical culture.Therefore,for clarifying the fundamental issue of the development of democracy,the key still lies in how to demonstrate the legitimacy of democracy after the separation of politics and morality.Unlike the procedural moral orientation of Western-style democracy,the whole-process of people’s democracy has substantive moral connotation.The moral reversion of the whole-process of people’s democracy to the political public sphere can be grasped from two aspects:the delimitation of moral boundaries and the generation conditions of moral validity,from the epistemological significance of morality,the substitution of substantive morality for procedural morality and the moral principles of political and legal systems,we can further demonstrate the basic logic of the interactive relationship between democratic politics and moral norms.These three dimensions constitute a certain interpretation of modern democracy on political morality,reflect the moral inspection of democratic practice on the needs of the subject,and jointly reflect the moral basis of the whole-process of people’s democracy.Examining the whole-process of Chinese style people’s democracy from the perspective of moral factors should be an important dimension to construct the legitimate goal of democracy with significant advantages and its discourse system.