高能锂硫电池正极催化剂、负极保护材料的分析与展望

Analysis and prospect of positive catalyst and negative protective material for high energy lithium-sulfur batteries

锂硫电池具有能量密度高、成本低、环境污染少等优势,是过去十年里最引人关注的储能系统之一,被认为是极有前途的新型二次电池。近年来,随着电动汽车的飞速发展,对高性能、长寿命电池的研究提出了极高的要求,锂硫电池的天然优越性能够满足该要求,并且展示了广泛的应用前景。然而由于电池运行过程中仍然存在着电极-电解质界面化学难以控制的问题,如何提高电池的性能和寿命引起了研究人员的广泛关注。随着各种类型高效正、负极材料的提出,锂硫电池的未来具有很好的发展前景。文章综述和讨论了最近的研究成果,从正极异质结构催化剂、单原子催化剂和负极保护材料这3个方面全面总结了用于高活性锂硫电池的催化剂最新进展。其中:异质结构催化剂不仅可以将两种功能互补或相互增强的材料结合在一起,而且在界面处具有内部电场,可以增强锂电池中多硫化锂转化反应的动力学;单原子催化剂由于其在结构-活性关系和反应机理中的原子级适用性及具有原子精度的结构可调性为解决锂硫电池多硫化锂的穿梭等问题提供新的策略;负极材料不仅可以抑制多硫化锂的穿梭,而且可以稳定金属锂的表面。

Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have emerged quite expeditiously as a fascinating energy storage system over the past decade due to their advantages of high energy density,low material cost and low environmental pollution.They have been considered as a promising secondary battery.In recent years,high-performance and long-life batteries urgently need to match well with high research requirements with the rapid development of electric vehicles.The advantages of lithium-sulfur batteries have shown a wide range of application prospects.However,how to improve the performance and life of batteries has attracted widespread attention.With the development of various types of efficient catalysts,lithium sulfur batteries show great development prospect.In this review,the latest advances in the application of heterostructure catalysts,single-atom catalysts and anode materials for high activity lithium-sulfur batteries were systematically stated and discussed.Among them,heterostructures can not only combine two materials with complementary or mutually reinforcing functions,but also have internal electric fields at the interface,which can effectively enhance the kinetics of polysulfides conversion reaction in Li-S batteries.Single-atom catalysts pave new strategies of solving these obstacles because of their decent applicability in the atomic-level identification of structure-activity relationships and reaction mechanism,as well as their structural tunability with atomic precision.Many efforts have proved that the designed anode materials can not only inhibit the shuttle of polysulfide,but also stabilize the surface of lithium metal.