星载被动光学遥感大气风场探测技术进展综述

An Overview of Spaceborne Atmospheric Wind Field Measurement with Passive Optical Remote Sensing

大气风场是表征整个地球大气系统动力学特征的重要参数,也是气象预报、空间天气、气候学等领域业务工作和科学研究必需的基础数据。被动光学遥感是大气风场测量领域的主要技术手段之一。本文综述了基于大气移动目标监测和大气光谱多普勒频移探测的两类天基被动光学大气风场测量技术的研究进展,主要介绍了云导风、红外高光谱水汽示踪、测风干涉仪和多普勒调制气体相关4种风场测量技术的基础物理原理和风速反演基本方法,根据每种星载被动光学测风技术体制分类及特点,介绍了代表性风场探测载荷技术研究进展及应用情况,探讨了星载被动光学大气风场探测技术的未来发展趋势。

Significance Wind field is an important parameter characterizing the dynamic characteristics of the earth's atmospheric system,and it serves as basic data necessary for business work and scientific research in fields such as weather forecasting,space weather,and climatology.The wind field measurement based on satellite remote sensing is not limited by geographical conditions.It can determine the intensity and direction information of the atmospheric wind field at different altitudes by monitoring the motion state of ocean waves,clouds,aerosols,and atmospheric components.It can not only obtain the observation data of ocean,desert,and polar regions,which are difficult to be collected by conventional methods,but also obtain the profile information of the wind field along the height distribution.As one of the main techniques in atmospheric wind field measurement,passive optical remote sensing has the characteristics of high accuracy,large altitude coverage,and small resource occupation.Great progress in the past half century has been made,and various wind measurement technologies have been developed such as atmospheric motion vectors,infrared hyperspectral analysis of water vapor,wind imaging interferometer,and Doppler modulated gas correlation,which can realize wind field measurement in an altitude ranging from 1 km near the surface to 300-400 km and form a reliable verification and capability complementation with active wind field measurement technologies such as lidar and microwave.In order to promote the development of spaceborne passive optical remote sensing for measuring atmospheric wind fields,it is necessary to summarize and discuss the existing research progress and future development trends,so as to provide a reference for the development of future passive optical remote sensing detection technology for atmospheric windfield and the task planning in atmospheric wind field detection.Progress This review focuses on two types of spaceborne optical passive techniques for wind field measurement based onatmospheric motion vector monitoring and atmospheric spectral Doppler shift detection. The fundamental theories, basicinversion methods, and the progress of research and application of representative payloads of various passive wind fielddetection technologies are summarized (Table 4).The atmospheric motion vector detection technology relies on cloud map observation to realize wind field detection. Ithas the characteristics of high spatial resolution and high detection accuracy and can obtain meter-level and precise windfield data at a sub-kilometer scale. However, limited by its detection technology mechanism, its detection altitude andefficiency are also significantly restricted.Infrared hyperspectral wind field measurement technology is based on infrared images of specific water vapor spectralchannels and profile data to track the movement of characteristic image targets at specific altitudes to invert atmosphericwind speed, which is used for troposphere wind measurement, with high vertical resolution and profile data, and it is lessaffected by the cloud. Compared with those of the cloud-derived motion vector (CMV) technology, its measurementaccuracy and horizontal spatial resolution of wind speed and direction need to be improved. However, as infraredhyperspectral loading and wind field inversion algorithms develop, infrared hyperspectral wind field measurementtechnology will become an important technology for troposphere wind.The wind field interferometer obtains the interferogram of the fine atmospheric spectrum from the limb observation,inverts the Doppler frequency shift of the atmospheric spectrum through the intensity position or phase change in theinterferogram, and then realizes the measurement of the atmospheric wind field. The spaceborne application of thistechnology began in the late 1960s, and three technical systems have been developed, namely, Michelson interferometer,Fabry-Pérot interferometer, and Doppler asymmetric spatial heterodyne interferometer. The detection altitude coversmost of the atmosphere including the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. It features continuous profile detectioncapability, vertical resolution with an order of kilometers, and horizontal spatial resolution with an order of 100 km, andthe highest peak accuracy of wind speed measurement has reached 3 m/s.The Doppler modulated gas correlation technology modulates and filters the incident spectrum through a molecularfilter with its composition the same as the target atmospheric composition, so as to realize the frequency shift detection ofthe atmospheric spectrum and the detection of the wind. Compared with traditional spaceborne wind field measurementtechnologies, it has the advantages of high horizontal resolution, small size, light weight, and low power consumption andhas a good application prospect in the field of small satellite network observation. At present, the technology is still in thestage of technical verification and application testing, and it is expected to further improve the vertical resolution of thelimb observation, but the space for improving the effective horizontal resolution is limited.Conclusions and Prospects Through the technical research and payload application in the past 20 to 30 years, China'sspaceborne passive optical atmospheric wind field detection technology is gradually narrowing the gap with the internationalleading level. However, in general, the spaceborne atmospheric wind field detection capability based on passive opticalremote sensing still has problems such as discontinuous altitude profile coverage, incomplete local coverage of middle andhigh level wind field data, and limited spatial resolution of high level wind field data. In the future, the accuracy andresolution of profile data products for tropospheric wind field elements should be improved, and the gaps in China's middleand upper level atmospheric wind field observation data in terms of global scale should be filled. In addition, As China'splanetary scientific research and deep-space exploration plans develop, the wind field detection for the atmospheres ofMars, Jupiter, and other planets is also an important direction for the development of wind measurement technology basedon passive optical remote sensing.