探索自然资源保护中的“生物多样性抵消”——一种平衡保护发展的生态补偿策略

"Biodiversity offset"in natural resources conservation:An ecological compensation policy tool for conservation and development balance

“生物多样性抵消”是空间规划和自然资源管理,尤其是生态资源保护利用中的一项重要原则,其要义是“避让、最小化、修复和补偿”,通过修复等措施来减缓难以规避或削减的由工程项目带来的对生态系统或生物多样性的负面影响。生物多样性抵消在国外已经普遍应用,澳大利亚的生物多样性银行和美国的湿地缓解银行等均是典型案例。为推动生物多样性的主流化,抵消原则应在更多的生态保护政策场景中有所体现,以更好地推动生态保护修复。建议在国土空间规划和自然资源保护利用中引入该原则,以丰富生态补偿的内容,并以此为基础展开更多的政策场景设计。一是重视系统性的制度设计,明确生物多样性抵消的条件、原则、核算标准,以及和生物多样性银行等政策场景结合的规则,完善配套的体制机制;二是将其列入规划环评和项目环境影响评价中,并优先在重点生态功能区或者重大基础设施项目等区域或领域推行。

Biodiversity offset is an important principle in spatial planning and natural resource management,especially in the conservation and utilization of ecological resources.Its objective is to mitigate the negative impacts on ecosystems or biodiversity caused by projects that are difficult to avoid or reduce through restoration and other measures.The biodiversity offset has been widely used in foreign countries and the Biodiversity-Bank in Australia and the Wetland Mitigation Bank in the United States are typical cases.In order to promote the mainstreaming of biodiversity,the principle of biodiversity offset should be reflected in more policy scenarios to better promote ecological conservation and restoration.It is recommended to introduce this principle into the conservation and utilization of the natural resources to enrich the content of ecological compensation,and to carry out more policy scenario design on this basis.Firstly,the policy design is very important,and the application conditions,principles,accounting standards of biodiversity offset,as well as the rules combined with policy scenarios such as the biodiversity bank should be clarified.Secondly,it should be included in planning environmental assessment and project environmental impact assessment,and priority should be given to implementing it in key ecological function areas or major infrastructure projects.