基于产品生命周期的战略库存与动态定价决策研究

Strategic inventory/backlogging and dynamic pricing decision based on product life cycle

本文考虑一个基于短周期产品供应商和零售商组成的两级供应链系统,在两个销售周期内,市场容量根据产品所处的生命周期变化而变化。文章研究了在承诺定价合同和动态定价合同下,零售商使用战略库存策略和战略缺货策略的条件,以及产品在不同生命周期下供应商和零售商的最优决策和利润。研究发现,战略库存策略和战略缺货策略在两种定价合同下都可能存在,产品所处生命周期和持有(缺货)成本的大小对供应链成员的决策和利润起着决定性作用。战略库存策略在产品处于发展期时可以有效降低产品第二期批发价格,但战略缺货策略却不具备议价效果。同时,当第二周期产品市场容量变化不剧烈,且持有成本较小时,零售商在动态定价合同下使用战略库存策略可以同时提高供应商和零售商利润,进而提高整体供应链效率;零售商在动态定价合同下使用战略缺货策略同样可以提高整体供应链效率,但当供应商决定供应链成员间的定价方式时,战略缺货策略始终不会存在。

Inventory management plays an important role in the operation of enterprises.The use of various inventory strategies has brought many benefits to enterprises.When the supply and demand of the product are uncertain,or there is a delay in production,the use of the strategic inventory strategy or the strategic backlogging strategy can effectively deal with these risks.At the same time,strategic inventory can also be regarded as a strategic tool for downstream enterprise in the supply chain to force the upstream enterprises to reduce the wholesale price.As the life cycle of products becomes shorter and short,more and more products with a short life cycle emerge.The market capacity of such short life cycle products will change greatly in a short time according to the different life cycles.Therefore,for a supply chain that produces and sells short life cycle products,no matter whether the supply chain members adopt the dynamic pricing contract or static pricing contract,the current life cycle of the product and how the short life cycle product′s market capacity would change should be taken into consideration when the supply chain members making multi-cycle pricing and inventory decisions.This article mainly studies the impact of the life cycle of short life cycle products on the retailer′s decision of strategic inventory and strategic backlogging strategy.Consider a two-tier supply chain system consisting of a short life cycle product supplier and a retailer over two sales periods.The retailer can adopt the strategic inventory strategy or the strategic backlogging strategy.Depending on the life cycle of the product,the market capacity of the product will increase or decrease in the second selling period.Establishing profit functions of supply chain members under static pricing contracts and dynamic pricing contracts,respectively.By using game theory and dynamic programming methods,the optimal decisions and profits of the supply chain members in two periods are derived under static pricing contracts and dynamic pricing contracts respectively.We investigating the preconditions for the retailer to adopt strategic inventory strategy and strategic backlogging strategy under different pricing contracts are proposed,the impact of using strategic inventory strategy and strategic backlogging strategy on the decision-making and profit of supply chain members,as well as the impact of the different life cycle of short life cycle product on the decisions and profits of supply chain members.And we also derive the supply chain members′preference between the two pricing contracts when the retailers adopt different inventory strategies by comparing the profits of supply chain members.The research results show that the strategic inventory strategy and strategic backlogging strategy may exist in both contracts under some specific conditions.The product′s life cycle and holding(backlogging)cost play a decisive role in the retailer′s decision of inventory strategy,and further affect the decisions and profits of all supply chain members.If supply chain members use the static pricing contract,the retailer will adopt the strategic inventory strategy when the product′s market capacity in the second period does not increase too much and the inventory cost is low.When the product′s market capacity in the second period declines to a lesser degree and the shortage cost is very small,the retailer will adopt the strategic backlogging strategy.If supply chain members use the dynamic pricing contract,when the product′s market capacity in the second period does not change drastically,and the inventory cost is small,the retailer will adopt the strategic backlogging strategy,when the product′s market capacity in the second period declines to a greater degree and the shortage cost is small,the retailer will adopt the strategic backlogging strategy.The strategic inventory strategy can effectively reduce the second period′s wholesale price of the product when the short life cycle product is in the development period,however,the strategic backlogging strategy cannot affect the wholesale price in the second period.Meanwhile,when the market capacity of short life cycle product in the second period does not change drastically and the holding cost is small,retailers can use strategic inventory strategy under dynamic pricing contracts to increase the profits of supplier and retailer at the same time,thereby improving the efficiency of the overall supply chain.When the product′s market capacity in the second period declines to a lesser degree and the shortage cost is relatively low,the strategic backlogging strategy under the pricing contract can improve the efficiency of the overall supply chain as well.However,when the supplier decides on the contract between the supply chain members,under the pricing contract selected by the supplier,the strate gic backlogging strategy will never exist.When the retailer chooses the pricing contract,or when choosing the pricing contract from the perspective of overall supply,the retailer may use the strategic backlogging strategy.