论正当防卫中不法侵害的危险性质

On the Dangerous Nature of Illegal Infringement in Justifiable Defense

对不法侵害性质的误解是司法实务对防卫标准掌握过严的一个重要原因。正当防卫制度在法律救济体系中属于事中私力救济,其功能是及时制止不法侵害。不法侵害应指确定的、紧迫的危险行为,而不包括实害行为。实害行为理论在实践上误导司法机关对防卫案件的认定标准,在理论上违反正当防卫制度的立法宗旨,对司法实务和理论发展均存在消极影响,应予纠正。不法侵害的危险存在程度上的不同,从预备最后阶段的危险、实行阶段的危险、既遂以后的危险到接近实害结果的危险,呈现逐级升高的趋势;与之相适应,防卫所需的力度也应随着侵害危险的逐级提升而增强。

Misunderstanding of the nature of unlawful infringement is an important reason why judicial practice has too strict control of defense standards.The legitimate defense system is a private remedy in the legal remedy system,and its function is to stop illegal infringements in time.Therefore,illegal infringements should refer to certain and urgent dangerous acts,not including actual harmful acts.The actual harmful behavior theory has had a negative impact on judicial practice and theoretical development,and should be corrected.The danger of unlawful infringement varies in degree,from the danger of the final stage of preparation,the danger of the implementation stage,the danger after completion to the danger of being close to the actual harm result,showing a gradual upward trend.Accordingly,the strength required for defense should also increase as the risk of infringement increases.