论保护公共利益的正当防卫——以污染环境罪为视阈

Defence in the Protection of Public Interest——Taking the Crime of Environmental Pollution as a Threshold

《刑法》第20条将公共利益作为正当防卫的保护对象,这是一个与德日刑法有别的中国特色命题。环境犯罪是侵害公共利益的犯罪,环境群体性事件应存在正当防卫的评价空间。以污染环境罪为例,在防卫起因上,违反国家规定侵害环境法益是正当防卫发动的前提。在防卫时间上,必须以行为人故意着手构成行为犯为防卫基准,且以污染的持续计划与公权力调停的缺位来作为不法侵害的持续性特征。在防卫对象上,防卫对象可以是实施污染的自然人或被利用之物,而单位是否为防卫对象并非真问题。在防卫限度上,只能以损害不法侵害人自由权、名誉权、财产权为代价,由此造成额外损害的属于防卫过当;若以损害不法侵害人生命权、健康权为目标,则属于防卫外的加害,防卫者应被另行定罪。

Article 20 of China’s Criminal Law makes public interest the object of protection in defence,which is a proposition with Chinese characteristics that is different from German and Japanese criminal law.Since environmental crimes are crimes against public interest,there is room for the evaluation of defence in environmental mass incidents.In the case of environmental pollution,for example,in the cause of defence,the violation of state regulations against the legal interests of the environment is the premise of defence.In the time of defence,the perpetrator must intentionally proceed to commit the act of crime as a benchmark for defence,with the continued plan of pollution and the absence of public mediation as a continuous feature of illegitimate infringement.As for the object of defence,the object can be a natural person or something that carries out pollution,and whether a corporate is a defence target is not a real issue.In terms of the limits of defence,it can only be done at the expense of the perpetrator’s right to freedom,reputation and property,and the resulting extra damage is excessive defense;if the goal is to harm the right to life and health of the perpetrator,it is an invasion other than defense,and the defender should be convicted additionally.