本质主义异化观的论争及反思——由法兰克福学派第四代对马克思的误读展开

Controversy and Reflection on Essentialist View of Alienation:Misunderstanding of Marx by the Fourth Generation of Frankfurt School

马克思的异化理论是分析和理解现代资本主义社会的重要思想资源,围绕马克思异化理论展开的论争自其产生之日起就从未止息过。以莱恩·弗斯特、哈特穆特·罗萨和拉埃尔·耶吉等为代表的法兰克福学派第四代认为,马克思异化观深陷本质主义危机,需要对马克思异化理论进行批判性诠释,祛除其类本质概念及其造成的僵化目的论和独断家长制。对此,西方新马克思主义内部存在三种反驳路径,但由于其自身预设的静态性,仍不足驳倒批判本身。回到马克思异化理论本身进行考察,马克思并非先预设某种类本质再去对照现实,而是在生活实践中自由生成对类本质的动态理解。由此可见,马克思异化理论并非本质主义残余,而是法兰克福学派第四代的代表人物们对其存在严重的误读。

Marx’s alienation theory is an important ideological resource for analyzing and understanding modern capitalist society.The controversy surrounding Marx’s alienation theory has never stopped since it came into being.The fourth generation of Frankfurt School,represented by Rainer Forst,Hartmut Rosa and Rahel Jaeggi,believe that Marx’s view of alienation is deeply mired in the crisis of essentialism,so it is necessary to critically interpret Marx’s alienation theory and get rid of its quasi⁃essential concept,rigid teleology and arbitrary paternalism.In this regard,there are three ways to refute them in Neo⁃Marxism in the West.However,because of their static presuppositions,they are still not enough to refute the criticism itself.A review of the Marx’s alienation theory itself reveals that Marx did not presuppose a certain type of quasi⁃essence and then compare it with reality,but rather generated a dynamic understanding of quasi⁃essence in life practice out of free will.It can be seen that Marx’s alienation theory is not a remnant of essentialism,on which the representatives of the fourth generation of Frankfurt School have a serious misunderstanding.