天津市残疾人口空间分异及影响因素研究

Driving Factors and Spatial Distribution of Disabled People in Tianjin

现阶段,我国进入到高质量发展的重要转型期,残疾人空间分布特征与分异机理研究,对于适应其美好生活与全面发展诉求,助力社会主义和谐社会建构意义重大。利用天津市残疾人数据,通过空间计量模型定量分析街道尺度下残疾人口的空间集聚特征,结合社会经济因素和建成环境条件揭示分异形成机理,最终归纳其分布格局的结构特征和内部差异。结果显示:第一,天津市残疾人空间集聚的城乡差异特征显著,“一主两副”的空间结构体系基本形成。第二,中心城区及其外溢的毗邻地带几乎是所有残疾类型的集聚中心,尤其是视力、听力和肢体等身体残疾人群分布的唯一热点地区;言语和精神、智力等心理残疾人群主要集聚于边缘区、乡村地区,在其外围形成“飞地”。由此,提出推进公共服务均等化,重点补齐热点地区公共服务短板,和基于类型归纳主体集聚的空间差异,提升规划政策引导与实施效用的优化建议。

At present,China is entering an important transition period of high-speed growth to high-quality development.It has become an important and urgent research and practice proposition to promote the high-quality development of human settlements and the modernization of urban and rural governance,and to construct an inclusive,just and harmonious socialist society with characteristics.In the current context of aging and urbanization,the rapid increase in the prevalence of disabled people has become an important proposition in healthy urban planning in our country.The study of spatial distribution characteristics and differentiation mechanism of disabled people is of great significance for adapting to their living and all-round development needs and helping to construct a harmonious socialist society.Empirical studies on the spatial distribution of disabled people at the urban level in China are still at an early stage,and knowledge about disabled people is largely derived from the health sector.From a geospatial perspective,research on the characteristics and patterns of the distribution of disabled people,influencing factors and roles is still limited,and it is difficult to form a more unified view due to differences in the level of development and the characteristics of disabled people in different research regions.In this paper,the spatial agglomeration characteristics of population with disabilities in street scale are analyzed quantitatively by spatial measurement model,and the influence of socioeconomic and built environment indicators on spatial agglomeration of different types of disabled people is explored.The results show that:1)Tianjin has significant urban-rural differences in the spatial agglomeration of disabled people.The spatial structure system of“one master and two pairs”is basically formed.“Two regional centers”include Binhai New Area and Jinnan District in the east,as well as Thistle District and Baodi District in the north.2)The central urban areas and their spillover neighbourhoods are centres of concentration for almost all types of disabilities,in particular the only hotspots for the distribution of groups of persons with limb disabilities such as vision,hearing and limbs;The groups of the mentally and spiritually handicapped,such as speech and mental abilities,are mainly concentrated in marginal areas and rural areas,forming enclaves in their periphery.3)The proportion of the elderly population affects visual,hearing,limb and spatial concentration of persons with multiple disabilities;Urbanization rate,increasing rate of urbanization and proportion of migrant population affect limb,intellectual,mental and spatial agglomeration of persons with multiple disabilities;The number of beds per thousand affects the spatial distribution of persons with visual,hearing and speech disabilities.Primary and secondary school per 1,000 population affects the spatial distribution of persons with limb,intellectual and mental disabilities.Therefore,the paper puts forward some optimization suggestions to promote the equalization of public services,to make up the shortcoming of public services in hot spots,and to improve the guiding and implementing effectiveness of planning policy based on spatial differences of the main body agglomeration.It is recommended that urban planning in urban centers should attach importance to the construction of barrier-free environments,in particular to the growing problem of ageing,so as to meet the socioeconomic mobility needs of persons with limb disabilities by improving barrier-free facilities for road construction and increasing barrier-free adaptation in older neighbourhoods.At the same time,according to the goal of“prevention and control combination”,the accurate provision of public services for the disabled in the peripheral areas of urban centers should be improved.Urban fringe areas,where migrant populations are concentrated,should strengthen the vocational training of migrant workers,improve their working environment and social security conditions,reduce the risk of occupational disability and improve the quality of rehabilitation for the sick.Basic education can be used in rural areas,where the situation is relatively complex,to raise awareness of disability control and eugenics and to reduce the concentration of speech disabilities in local areas such as communities and families.Specialized outpatient clinics and rehabilitation institutions may be set up for geographically specific persons with intellectual and mental disabilities in order to meet their urgent needs for early rehabilitation and long-term treatment.Through the above measures to improve the prevention and treatment of health and quality of life of disabled people,spatial planning serves to build a harmonious society and advance the scientific values and strategic objectives of social equity and justice.