同域分布的野猪与狍活动节律及与月光周期的关系

Activity rhythm of wild boar and roe deer and its relationship with moonlight cycle in sympatric distribution

完全的竞争者不能共存,物种间生态位分化是同域物种长期稳定共存的基础。不同物种在同一分布区时间生态位的分化对其共存至关重要。为研究同域分布物种的共存机制,在2018年11月到2021年7月利用远红外相机监测技术对穆棱东北红豆杉国家级自然保护区同域分布的野猪(Sus scrofa)和狍(Capreolus pygargus)进行了野外监测研究,并利用核密度估计方法和雅各布斯选择指数(JSI)对日活动节律和一段时间内的活动周期选择进行了评估,同时还利用非参数检验评估了2个物种的活动与月光周期的关系。研究结果表明,狍不管在全年还是在不同的季节,日活动节律均为双峰模式,而野猪的活动模式表现出明显的可塑性,在全年和冷季为单峰型,暖季为双峰型,二者在日活动节律上的重叠程度较高(Dhat>0.59),在暖季的重叠系数最高(Dhat=0.65)。此外,在时间段的选择上,狍在全年和冷季更喜欢在黎明和黄昏活动(0.170.32),而野猪活动在全年和冷季对白天和黄昏的选择更多(JSI>0.3),暖季则更喜欢在白天活动(JSI_(day)=0.86),二者在夜晚的活动都较少(JSInight<0),其中野猪尤为明显(JSInight<-0.63)。狍在各月光周期间的出现频次存在显著差异(P<0.05),满月期活动较频繁,下弦月期活动频次最少,而野猪的活动与月光周期的相关性较弱(P>0.05)。研究野猪和狍的时间重叠,为研究大型食肉动物与猎物的互作关系奠定了基础。

Complete competitors cannot coexist,and the long-term stable coexistence of sympatric species is based on interspecific niche differentiation.The temporal niche differentiation of different species in the same distribution area is very important for their coexistence.In order to study the coexistence mechanism of sympatric species,we used camera trapping to conduct field survey on wild boar(Sus scrofa)and roe deer(Capreolus pygargus),which were both distributed in the same area in the Muling Japanese Yew National Nature Reserve from November 2018 to July 2021.We used the kernel density estimation method and the Jacobs Selection Index(JSI)to evaluate the daily activity rhythm and the selection for a period of the diel cycle,and also analyzed the relationship between the activities of the two species and the moonlight cycle by nonparametric tests.The results showed that the daily activity rhythm of roe deer was two higher peaks of activity in the whole year or in different seasons.Nevertheless,the activity pattern of wild boar showed obvious plasticity,which was unimodal in the whole year and the cold season,and bimodal in the warm season.The results showed that there was a moderate degree of overlap between them in daily activity rhythm(Dhat>0.59),and the degree of overlap was the highest(Dhat=0.65,0.55-0.75)in warm season.In addition,in terms of time period selection,the roe deer were more likely active at dawn and dusk in the whole year and the cold season(0.170.32).However,the wild boar activities were more frequent during the day and dusk in the whole year and the cold season(JSI>0.3),and preferred to be active during the day in the worm season(JSI_(day)=0.86).Furthermore,two species of wild boar and roe deer were less active at night(JSInight<0),especially for wild boar(JSInight<-0.63).The frequency of roe deer behaviors differed significantly by moon phase(P<0.05),and roe deer were more active during the full moon period.However,the activity of wild boar was not related to the moonlight cycle(P>0.05).The study of temporal niche overlap of wild boar and roe deer provides research basis for the interaction between large carnivores and prey.