昆明市三类城市公园秋冬季蝴蝶多样性及影响要素

Butterfly Diversity in Autumn and Winterat Kunming's Three Types of Urban Parks and Its Influencing Factors

为分析昆明城市公园秋冬季蝴蝶群落分布特征及其影响因素,筛选出有利于蝴蝶多样性的城市公园绿地景观因子,于2021年9月—2022年2月,对昆明市20个城市公园、127条样段的秋冬季蝴蝶种类和数量进行逐月调查。结果表明:1)共记录到蝴蝶1395只,隶属于8科49属76种,其中近危动物2种、易危动物2种、三有动物1种;以粉蝶科和蛱蝶科蝴蝶物种数最多,粉蝶科个体数最多,蚬蝶科物种数和个体数均最少。2)在植物组成上,山地公园与湿地公园的草本层蜜源植物丰富度、自然生长草本比例显著高于市区公园;在植被结构上,市区公园除了水平结构与山地公园没有明显差异外,其余与山地公园和湿地公园皆存在显著差异;市区公园的干扰程度最高,湿地公园的水域面积最大。3)山地公园的蝴蝶Margalef丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性、特有物种数显著高于市区公园,与湿地公园没有显著差异,Pielou均匀度与Berger-Parker优势度在各类型公园间无明显差异,湿地公园的蝴蝶个体数显著高于其他类型公园。4)不同的环境特征影响蝴蝶多样性,在草本层蜜源植物丰富、自然生长草本比例高、低干扰、水域条件良好、植被水平结构为半开敞、垂直结构为无修剪草地—乔灌草、植被类型为针阔混交林的公园绿地具有更高的蝴蝶多样性。

To analyze the distribution characteristics of butterfly communities in autumn and winter at urban parks of Kunming City and their influencing factors and screen out the landscape factors to urban park green spaces that are conducive to improving the butterfly diversity,this paper investigates species and numbers of butterfly in autumn and winter every month from September 2021 to February 2022 in 20 urban parks and 127 sample sections in Kunming.The results indicate:1)A total of 1395 butterflies are recorded,belonging to 76 species,49 genera and 8 families,including 2 endangered species,2 vulnerable species and 1 specie with important values.The number of butterfly species in Pinkidae and Nymphalidae is the largest,butterfly in the family of Pinkidae has the largest number,and both the species and the number of the family of Riodinidae are the lowest;2)In terms of plant composition,the richness of nectar plants and the proportion of naturally growing herbs in the herbaceous layer in mountain parks and wetland parks are significantly higher than those in urban parks.In terms of vegetation composition,there are significant differences between urban parks,mountain parks and wetland parks,but urban parks have no significant differences from mountain parks in terms of the horizontal structure.The degree of disturbance in urban park is the highest,while the water area of wetland parks is the largest;3)The Margalef richness,Shannon-Wiener diversity and endemic species of butterflies in mountain parks are significantly higher than those in urban parks,but there are no significant differences between mountain parks and wetland parks.There are no significant differences in Pielou evenness and Berger-Parker dominance among the three types of parks.The number of butterflies in wetland parks is significantly larger than that in mountain parks and urban parks;and 4)Different environments affect the butterfly diversity.The butterfly diversity is higher in green park spaces with abundant nectar plants in the herbaceous layer,high proportion of naturally growing herbs,low disturbance,good water conditions,semi-open horizontal vegetation structure,untrimmed grassland-shrub-grass vertical structure,and mixed coniferous and broadleaved forest vegetation.