马克思对相对剩余价值生产形式的道德批判——以《1861—1863年经济学手稿》为考察中心

Marx′s Moral Critique of the Form of Production of Relative Surplus Value--Taking Economic Manuscript of 1861-1863 as the Research Center

在《1861—1863年经济学手稿》中,马克思对资本主义相对剩余价值生产的三种主要形式:协作、分工和机器的应用进行了道德批判。具体而言,马克思通过对“‘社会劳动的自然力’彰显了资本主义协作的道德进步意义、‘异己的关系’决定‘异己的权力’”的分析揭示出资本主义协作的道德景况。通过对“工场手工业分工的道德进步性、‘天命的支配’使劳动者变成‘片面的人’、自由时间使工人丧失精神发展的空间”的分析揭示出在分工阶段,“资本主义生产方式已经从本质上控制并改变了劳动”。通过对“‘制造出来的生产力’生成了更大的道德进步性、机器的资本主义应用带来了‘贪欲的增长’以及打破了劳动的道德界限”的分析揭示出资本主义条件下的机器应用伦理。

In the Economic Manuscript of 1861—1863,Marx made a moral critique of the three main forms of capitalist relative surplus value production:cooperation,division of labour and the use of machines.In particular,Marx revealed the moral situation of capitalist cooperation through the analysis of"the natural force of social labour",which highlights the moral progress significance of capitalist cooperation,and"the relation of dissidents",which determines"the power of dissidents".Through the analysis of"the moral progress of the division of labour in the handicraft industry in the workshop,the"domination of fate"makes the workers become"one-sided people",and free time makes the workers lose the space for spiritual development",it is shown that"the capitalist mode of production has essentially controlled and changed labour"in the division stage.Through the analysis that"manufactured productivity"has brought about greater moral progress,the capitalist use of machines has brought about"the growth of greed"and broken the moral boundary of labour",the ethics of the use of machines under capitalist conditions is revealed.