论兴奋剂违规处罚中的非故意证明

On the Proof of Non-Intentional Anti-Doping Rule Violation

《世界反兴奋剂条例》采用故意推定的方法认定非特定物质兴奋剂违规,运动员只有通过证明自己非故意,才能得以减轻乃至免除处罚。由于证明条件较为模糊,运动员举证责任较大,非故意证明几乎成为“不可能完成的任务”。在实践中采取了降低禁用物质来源的证明要求、拓展运动员举证路径等方法对非故意证明规则进行调适,2021版《世界反兴奋剂条例》对此也给予了回应,但在具体证据要求的确定性等方面仍有待完善。对此,建议通过扩充非故意违规处罚规则、强化证明方法自由原则、将成本效益分析引入优势证据证明标准等方式,适当考量主观因素,疏解这一规则困境。这将有助于提升兴奋剂违规处理的合理性,推动形成更加公平公正的反兴奋剂规则体系。

The method of presumption of intention is adopted by the World Anti-Doping Code to identify nonspecific substance anti-doping rule violations.In order to reduce or even eliminate the standard sanction,the athlete should burden the proof of disproving intent.However,the uncertainty of conditions needed for non-intentional proof leads to a strict identification of athletes'burden of proof,making the non-intentional proof a"highly impossible task".According to this,some practical decisions have taken steps to modify the strictness of rules concerning non-intentional proof,by weakening the precondition of establishing the source of prohibited substance,or varying the acceptable methods of proof used by athletes.The 2021 World Anti-Doping Code responds to this new trend,but the uncertainty for athletes remains.To solve the dilemma of proof,it is suggested that subjective factors should be taken into consideration properly in the following aspects:expanding the rule of non-intentional anti-doping rule violations,strengthening the principle of free proof and considering the standard of"cost and benefit"to reach a more realistic approach on the balance of probabilities.All above are helpful to improve the rationality of dealing with anti-doping rule violations and promote the formation of a more fair and just anti-doping rule system.