《大学》对孔子教育思想的理论建构

The Theoretical Construction of Confucian Educational Thought in the Daxue

朱熹承袭程颢、程颐的思想,认为《大学》是古代大学教人之法,其中经一章为孔子之言而曾子述之,传十章则曾子之意而门人记之;古本有错字、错简和阙文。于是将“亲民”改为“新民”,对传文做了调整和补充,并为之章句,作为《四书集注》的首篇,产生了巨大影响。王阳明不同意朱熹的意见,认为《大学》古本既无错误,亦无阙文,“明明德”“亲民”“止于至善”等都是孔子的思想,指示了为学的进路。尽管程、朱理学与阳明心学对《大学》的理解分歧明显,为学路径大不相同,但都以为《大学》阐发了孔子的教育思想。通过对儒学文献的比较研究,可以看出,《大学》所针对的教育层次与孔子学校教育层次相同,“三纲领”与孔子的“有教无类”思想契合,学为“圣人”与学为“君子儒”方向一致,“亲民”思想来自孔子,“八条目”也源自孔子的“为己之学”。参考出土文献和传世《曾子》十篇,可以得出结论:《大学》是曾参及其弟子对孔子教育思想的理论建构。

Zhu Xi inherited the thought of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi,and believed that the Daxue is the model for educating people at the ancient university.One chapter of its"Classic"(Jing经)are the words of Confucius as narrated by Zengzi.The ten chapters of its"Commentary"(Zhuan传)are Zengzi's thoughts as memorized by his disciples.Therefore,"being close to the people"(qinmin亲民)was changed to"renewing the people"(xinmin新民);the Zhuan was adjusted and supplemented;and it was made into chapters and sentences,becoming the first chapter of the Collected Commentaries on the Four Books(Sishu jizhu四书集注).These changes had a huge impact on the world.Wang Yangming disagreed with Zhu Xi's views,and believed that the ancient version of the Daxue had neither errors nor missing text."Illustrating illustrious virtue"(ming mingde明明德);"being close to the people";and"striving for the best"(zhi yu zhi shan止于至善)are all Confucius's own ideas,pointed out the way of learning.Although Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism and Yangming xinxue had obvious differences in their understanding of the Daxue,and their paths for learning were quite different,they all believed that the Daxue explained Confucius's educational thought.Through a comparative study of Confucian literature,it can be seen that the education level aimed for by the Daxue is the same as that of Confucian schools;that the"three guidelines"(san gangling三纲领)are in line with Confucius's idea of"education without discrimination"(you jiao wu lei有教无类);that learning to be a"sage"(shengren圣人)has the same orientation as learning to be a"gentleman Confucian"(junzi Ru君子儒);that the idea of"being close to the people"comes from Confucius;and that the"eight items"(ba tiao mu八条目)also come from Confucius's"learning for oneself"(wei ji zhi xue为己之学).Referring to the unearthed documents and the ten chapters of the Zengzi,it can be concluded that the Daxue is a theoretical construction of Zeng Shen and his disciples following Confucius's educational thought.