论正常之恶:郭店竹书《鲁穆公问子思》的哲学分析

On Normalizing Evil:A Philosophical Analysis of the Guodian Bamboo Book Lu Mugong Wen Zisi

郭店竹书《鲁穆公问子思》之“极称”应为以远远超出正常状态的极限性批判方式对君主进行谏诤。在大儒子思看来,忠臣就应该“极称其君之恶”。鲁穆公对子思的忠臣观“不悦”,并“揖而退之”的做法本身就是“君之恶”。这就形成了一种认知矛盾和逻辑矛盾--恶不自认为恶,普遍认知和个人认知存在矛盾。不以恶为恶的原因在于,心理定势的日积月累所造成的“正常”构成了对“恶”的辩护,并由此形成“正常之恶”。

The"extreme naming"of the Guodian bamboo book Lu Mugong Wen should be on account of admonishing the ruler in a critical way that far exceeds normal conditions.In the view of the great Confucian Zisi,loyal ministers should"extremely name the evils of their ruler"(ji cheng qi jun zhi e极称其君之恶).Duke Mu of Lu was"displeased"(bu yue不悦)with Zisi's views on loyal ministers,and the practice of"bowing and retiring"(yi er tui zhi揖而退之)is itself an"evil of the ruler"(jun zhi e君之恶).This forms both a cognitive and a logical contradiction:evil does not consider itself evil;and there is a contradiction between general perception and personal perception.The reason for not treating evil as evil is that the"normalization"(zhengchang正常)created by the accumulation of mental attitudes constitutes a defense of"evil"(e恶),and thus forming a"normalized evil"(zhengchang zhi e正常之恶).