人鼻病毒的研究进展

Advances in research on human rhinovirus

人鼻病毒(human rhinovirus,HRV)是急性呼吸道感染的最常见病原体之一,发病率高,通常引起普通感冒,最近研究发现还可引起严重的下呼吸道感染。2009—2019年我国HRV检出率约为16.7%,占我国病毒性呼吸道感染病原谱的第三位。人群普遍易感,3岁以下儿童感染率最高。根据遗传特点,HRV可分为A、B、C三组,169个基因型。HRV-C与儿童哮喘关系尤为密切。三种病毒的宿主细胞的受体不完全相同,这可能为其临床表现差异的重要原因。HRV感染并未观察到宿主被感染的呼吸道上皮细胞明显坏死,因此,免疫损伤可能是HRV感染的主要致病机制。HRV易与多种呼吸道病原体发生混合感染,其感染可抑制流感病毒的继发感染。HRV-A与HRV-B可进行细胞培养,HRV-C只能采用粘膜类器官进行培养。关于HRV有效药物和疫苗的研发,目前尚无突破性进展。本文对HRV的病原学特点、流行病学特点、临床表现和发病机制等方面的最新研究进展进行总结梳理,有助于HRV感染相关的深入研究和防治策略的制订。

Human rhinovirus(HRV)is one of the most common pathogens of acute respiratory infection with a high incidence,which usually cause common colds,but can sometimes cause severe lower respiratory tract infections.In China,the detection rate of HRV was approximately 16.7%from 2009 to 2019,ranking the third in the pathogen spectrum of viral respiratory tract infections.Children under 3 years of age are the main susceptible population.According to its phylogenetic characteristics,HRV can be divided into three species(HRV-A,HRV-B,HRV-C),and can be further classified into 169 genotypes.HRV-C is considered to be more closely related to childhood asthma.The host cell receptors of the three species of HRV are not identical,which may be the important reason for the differences in their clinical manifestations.As no obvious cell pathogenic effects were observed in the HRV-infected individuals,immune injury is supposed to be probably the main pathogenic mechanism of HRV infection.HRV can co-infect with multiple other respiratory pathogens,however several studies reported that HRV infection can inhibit the secondary infection with influenza virus.HRV-A and HRV-B can be cultured in cell lines,while HRV-C can only be cultured using respiratory epithelium organoid.Up to date,there are still no effective drugs and vaccines against HRV available.This manuscript provides a comprehensive,up-to-date review of the progress in the virological,epidemiological,clinical and pathogenic researches of HRV infection,which contribute to further research and formulation of the prevention and control policy for HRV.