喀斯特山地生态养鸡对土壤理化性质及菌群结构的影响

Effects of Ecological Chicken Farming on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Microflora Structure in Karst Mountains

为研究喀斯特山地生态养鸡对土壤理化性质及菌群结构的影响,本试验分别采集养殖区(CA组)、轮休区(RA组)和未养殖区(NCA组)土壤,对其pH值、含水率、容重、全氮、全磷、全钾及微生物组成进行分析。结果表明,相较于NCA组,CA组的土壤pH值极显著降低,含水率显著降低,全钾和全磷含量显著或极显著增加。CA组的细菌Alpha多样性指数(Ace、Chao1、Shannon、Simpson指数)最低;相对于CA组,RA组的Alpha多样性指数显著或极显著增加。CA组真菌Shannon指数最低,RA组最高;与CA和NCA组相比,RA组的Ace指数和Chao1指数显著或极显著增加。三组的优势细菌门类为变形菌门(36.452%~42.378%)、酸杆菌门(23.362%~31.836%)和拟杆菌门(4.710%~11.488%);优势真菌门类为子囊菌门(17.453%~31.368%)、担子菌门(13.295%~19.737%)和毛霉门(7.253%~21.492%)。土壤pH值、全氮含量分别极显著、显著影响细菌群落结构;全钾含量和容重显著影响真菌群落结构。综上,喀斯特山地连续养鸡可导致土壤酸化、持水力减弱,钾、磷含量增加,并造成细菌丰富度和多样性及真菌多样性降低;轮休后以上情况得到较好改善。

In order to study the effects of ecological chicken farming on soil physicochemical properties and microflora structure in karst mountains,soil samples were collected from farming area(CA group),rotation area(RA group)and non-farming area(NCA group),and the pH value,moisture content,bulk density,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium and microbial composition were analyzed.The results showed that compared with NCA group,the soil pH value of CA group extremely significantly decreased,the moisture content significantly decreased,and the total potassium and total phosphorus contents significantly or extremely significantly increased.The bacterial Alpha diversity indexes(Ace,Chao1,Shannon,Simpson index)of CA group was the lowest;compared with CA group,the Alpha diversity index of RA group increased significantly or extremely significantly.The fungal Shannon index was the lowest in CA group,while that in RA group was the highest.Compared with CA and NCA groups,the Ace index and Chao1 index in RA group increased significantly or extremely significantly.The dominant bacterial phyla of the three groups were Proteobacteria(36.452%~42.378%),Acidobacteria(23.362%~31.836%)and Bacteroidetes(4.710%~11.488%);the dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycetes(17.453%~31.368%),Basidiomycetes(13.295%~19.737%)and Mucorhyta(7.253%~21.492%).Soil pH value and total nitrogen content extremely significantly or significantly affected the bacterial community structure;total potassium content and bulk density significantly affected the fungal community structure.In summary,continuous chicken farming in karst mountains could lead to soil acidification,weakening of water holding capacity,increase of potassium and phosphorus content,and decrease of bacterial richness and diversity and fungal diversity;the above situations could be improved after rest rotation.