基于熵权法和TOPSIS对马铃薯施肥和滴灌量组合的优化

Optimization of fertilizer and drip irrigation levels for efficient potato production based on entropy weight method and TOPSIS

【目的】研究滴灌施肥条件下不同马铃薯品种的滴灌量和施肥量优化组合,以建立马铃薯生长、产量、品质、水肥利用效率和经济效益最优的水肥管理组合技术。【方法】采用正交试验设计方法布置马铃薯小区试验。试验设3个滴灌水平:W1(100%ET_(c))、W2(80%ET_(c))、W3(60%ET_(c)),其中ET_(c)为作物蒸散量;3个施肥(N–P_(2)O_(5)–K_(2)O)水平:F1(240–120–300 kg/hm^(2))、F2(180–90–225 kg/hm^(2))、F3(120–60–150 kg/hm^(2));3个马铃薯品种:V1(费乌瑞它)、V2(陇薯7号)、V3(青薯9号),设1个不施肥对照处理(W3F0V1),共10个处理。在主要生育期测定了马铃薯光合指标和耗水量,在成熟期测定马铃薯产量、产量组成和品质,分析水分利用效率(WUE)、肥料偏生产力(PFP)和经济效益。【结果】滴灌量、施肥量和品种对马铃薯产量组成、WUE、PFP和净收益有极显著影响(P<0.01)。F2水平下马铃薯产量、干物质累积量、淀粉含量、维生素C含量、粗蛋白含量和净收益比F1水平的下分别提高了19.28%、1.13%、1.62%、3.79%、8.79%和34.64%,比F3水平下提高了21.48%、3.07%、6.27%、6.08%、11.18%和27.94%。随着滴灌量的增加,产量、产量组成、淀粉含量、维生素C含量、粗蛋白含量、PFP和经济效益呈单峰曲线变化趋势,还原糖含量随着灌水量的增加呈先减少后增加趋势。青薯9号的叶片叶绿素含量、淀粉含量、粗蛋白含量、维生素C含量、WUE、PFP均高于其余两个品种。通过熵权法和TOPSIS分析得出排名前三的优化处理依次为:F2W2V3、F1W1V1和F3W2V1。F2W2V3处理的产量、单株块茎重、商品薯重、最大单个块茎重、粗蛋白含量、WUE和净收益最大,分别为49.22 t/hm^(2)、1096.7 g、794.3 g/plant、433.9 g、0.214 mg/g、20.21 kg/m^(3)和44832元/hm^(2)。F1W1V1和F3W2V1依次排在第二和第三,其产量分别为41.79和37.67 t/hm^(2),单株块茎重分别为906.5和836.7 g,商品薯重分别为711.4和607.3 g/plant,最大单个块茎重分别为395.6和357.1 g,净收益分别为34584和32023元/hm^(2)。【结论】在陕北旱区春季马铃薯生产中,3个马铃薯品种的最优灌溉和施肥组合均为80%ET_(C)和N–P_(2)O_(5)–K_(2)O 180–90–225 kg/hm^(2),该组合可同时兼顾高产、优质、高水肥利用效率和高经济效益的多重目标,其中品种青薯9号各指标均优于其他两个品种。

【Objective】The effects of drip irrigation and fertilizer levels on the growth,yield,quality,water and fertilizer utilization efficiency and economic benefits of potato were studied under fertigation system.【Methods】The orthogonal test design method was adopted and total of 10 treatments were setup,including three drip irrigation levels of crop evapotranspiration(ET_(C))of 100%(W1),80%(W2),and 60%(W3);three fertilizer(N-P_(2)O_(5)-K_(2)O)levels of 240-120-300 kg/hm^(2)(F1),180-90-225 kg/hm^(2)(F2),and 120-60-150 kg/hm^(2)(F3);three potato cultivars of Feiurita(V1),Longshu 7(V2)and Qingshu 9(V3);and a no fertilizer control(W3F0V1).The chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate and water consumption of potato were measured during growing stage,and the dry matter accumulation,yield,yield components,and quality of potato were determined at harvest.The water use efficiency(WUE),fertilizer partial productivity(PFP),and economic benefits were analyzed and calculated.【Results】Irrigation and fertilizer levels affected potato yield components,starch content,vitamin C content,crude protein content,PFP,and net income significantly.F2 treatment had the highest yield,dry matter accumulation,starch content,vitamin C content,crude protein content,and net income,which were 19.28%,1.13%,1.62%,3.79%,8.79%,34.64%higher than F1,and 21.48%,3.07%,6.27%,6.08%,11.18%,27.94%higher than F3 treatment,respectively.All the above indexes increased with increasing irrigation levels,but the reducing sugar content was the highest under W2.Cultivar Qingshu 9 had higher leaf chlorophyll,starch,crude protein,and vitamin C content,and higher WUE and PFP than the other two cultivars.According to entropy weight method and TOPSIS analysis,the optimum treatment combinations were F2W2V3,F1W1V1 and F3W2V1.Treatment F2W2F3 had the highest yield,tuber weight,commodity potato yield,maximum single tube weight,crude protein content,WUE and net income,which were 49.22 t/hm^(2),1096.7 g/plant,794.3 g/plant,433.9 g,0.214 mg/g,20.21 kg/m^(3) and 44832 yuan/hm^(2),respectively.Treatment F1W1V1 and F3W2V1 ranked the second and the third with the yield 41.79 and 37.67 t/hm^(2),tuber weight 906.5 and 836.7 g,commodity potato yield 711.4 and 607.3 g/plant,maximum tube weight 395.6 and 357.1 g/tube,and net income 34584 and 32023 yuan/hm^(2).【Conclusion】The optimum combination of high yield,high quality,high water and fertilizer utilization efficiency and high economic benefits is 80%ET_(C) and N-P_(2)O_(5)-K_(2)O 180-90-225 kg/hm^(2).Under this water and fertilizer combination,cultivar Qingshu 9 produces higher index values than the other two cultivars in northwest Shaanxi.