圣俗互构与义理和合——藏文化圈亡名禁忌的宗教人类学考察

On Mutual-construction of the Holy and the Secular and their Harmony——A Religious Anthropological Investigation of the Taboo of Saying the Names of the Dead in Tibetan Culture

文章以西藏及周边藏文化辐射地带普遍遵行的亡名禁忌为焦点,在相关文献基础上,结合田野调查与访谈,从情感的维度,基于社会语境探析亡名禁忌的实践特性与观念根基。认为,亡名禁忌根生于佛教轮回观,通过口传文学根植民间;乡土“熟人社会”固有的特性,以及牧业生产体系中家庭和社区的特殊关系,使个体与家庭的变故激发社区内群体的共生感;最后,宗教为亡名禁忌建构了意义系统乃至疏解之道。故而,亡名禁忌作为社区内情感与伦理和合的聚点而广泛实践。文章提出,亡名禁忌的本质是对人类情感的积极回应,非“禁”实“疏”,这种本质基于乡土社会中人们彼此间强烈的共生感,以及佛教对俗世苦难敏锐的洞察力和有效的支撑。

This article mainly focuses on the taboo on saying the names of the dead in Tibet and the surrounding areas influenced by the Tibetan culture.Based on relevant literature,combined with field investigation and inter⁃views,this article analyzes the practical characteristics of the taboo on saying the names of the dead,and sorts out the hierarchical implications from the aspects of doctrinal propaganda,social structure,emotion of the com⁃mon people and community ethics.It is believed that the taboo which is rooted in the Buddhist concept of Sam⁃sara and disseminated through oral folk literature.At the same time,in the livestock production system and so⁃cial structure,individuals use this taboo to relieve their emotions and environmental pressure,and then stimulate the symbiosis of groups in the community.Therefore,the taboo is widely observed to achieve the convergence of emotions,ethics and harmony in the community.The article points out that the essence of the taboo is not"forbid⁃den"but"detachment",which is based on the complete knowledge system of Buddhism and a keen insight into worldly suffering.