二战后美国研究型大学科研商业化演进探究

On the Evolution of Commercialization of Research in Research Universities in the U.S. after World War II

二战后,随着学术研究活动的兴盛,美国联邦政府不断塑形研究型大学的科研商业化发展。二战至冷战时期,来自美国政府的国防研发资助间接刺激了研究型大学的科研发展。研究型大学一方面继续承担国防研究的重要角色,另一方面也承担着促进科研成果转化为商用、民用的任务,大学科研专利商业化等事宜不断成为可能。20世纪70年代,出于对美国经济竞争力的担忧,联邦政府出台相关政策为研究型大学创造了有利的创业环境,掀起了大学科研商业化的高潮。知识经济时代,加快科研转化已成为研究型大学的时代使命。然而,在商业化实践中,应警惕科研商业化陷入逐利的危机。审视美国研究型大学科研商业化的发展,对促进我国大学科研转化,充分发挥其经济使命具有重要的借鉴意义。

After World War II,as academic research activities flourished,the U.S.federal government continued to shape the development of research commercialization in research universities.From World War II to the Cold War,funding for defense research and development from the U.S.government indirectly stimulated the research development of those universities.They not only continued to play an important role in defense research,but aimed to accelerate the transformation of research results into commercial and civilian usages,making the commercialization of university research patents and others gradually possible.In the 1970s,out of concern for the competitiveness of the U.S.economy,the federal government introduced policies to create a favorable environment for research universities to start their own businesses,which brought the wave of commercialization for research in universities.In the era of knowledge-based economy,it has become the mission of research universities to accelerate the transformation of research.However,in the practice of commercialization,we should be wary of the crisis of profit-seeking.Looking into the development of research commercialization in the U.S.research universities has important implications for promoting the transformation of research in Chinese universities and giving full play to their economic missions.