清末民初的“戏仿”福尔摩斯小说

The“Parody”of Sherlock Holmes Novels in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

“福尔摩斯探案”小说在清末民初译介进入中国,不仅开创了后来中国本土的侦探小说创作,更产生了一系列“福尔摩斯来中国”的“戏仿”作品。其中既有陈冷血、包天笑等人借福尔摩斯“受挫”来批判当时中国社会怪现状的“谴责”之作,也有刘半农执着于暴露福尔摩斯“失败”本身的“滑稽”故事,二者间既有着“讽喻”与“讽刺”的形式区分,又包含了“讥讽”(sardonic)和“挖苦”(sarcasm)的程度差别。而刘半农的“大失败”系列更可以视为最早的中国福尔摩斯“粉丝”所创作的“同人小说”。此外,中国台湾作家餘生的小说《智斗》(1923年)则沿着勒伯朗的足迹,将福尔摩斯与亚森·罗苹“对决”的舞台搬到了日据时期的中国台湾,并借此引发了一系列有趣的本土化文学改写实践。总而言之,清末民初的“戏仿”福尔摩斯小说,一方面生动展示了侦探小说来华之初的复杂接受场域及其所激发的创作/改写热情,另一方面也开启了中国后来滑稽侦探小说这一条独特的文学发展脉络。

The translation of"Sherlock Holmes Detective"novels into China at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China not only initiated the later creation of detective novels in China,but also produced a series of"parody"works of"Sherlock Holmes came to China"Among them,there are condemnation works by Chen Lengxie,Bao Tianxiao and others who criticized the strange situation of Chinese society at that time by using Holmes'"frustration",and there are also"funny"stories by Liu Bannong who insisted on exposing Holmes’"failure"itself.There is not only a formal distinction between irony and allegory,but also a degree difference between sardonic and sarcasm.However,Liu Bannong's"Great Failure"series can be regarded as the"fellow novels"created by the earliest Chinese Holmes fans.In addition,the novel"Wisdom Fight"'(1923)in Taiwan,Yu Sheng moved the stage of confrontation between Holmes and Arsene Lupin to Taiwan during the Japanese occupation along Maurice Leblanc's footsteps,which triggered a series of interesting local literature rewriting practices.In short,the parody Sherlock Holmes novels at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,on the one hand,vividly displayed the complex reception field of detective novels at the beginning of their arrival in China and the passion for creation/rewriting inspired by them;on the other hand,also opened a unique literary development vein of China's later comic detective novels.