出土简牍所见秦代地方行政运行的空间结构

Newly-discovered Bamboo Slips and the Spatial Structure of Local Administrative Operations in the Qin and Han Dynasties

秦汉时期的地方行政运行于特定的政治空间结构之中,大量面世的秦汉简牍有助于揭示其整体面貌。宏观层面,从战国秦到天下秦时期,疆域范围由不断东进到南北扩张,结构从中县道小圈层逐渐演变为全国性的五大圈层,组织形态从封君郡县并存到海内为郡县,统县政区由37个增加到49个。平行与垂直管理系统交叠,多元组织单元互补造就了帝制早期地方行政的条块结构。中观层面,郡县之“都”是秦汉地方行政运行落地的核心场域。县城内部空间经过规划,以各种形式的墙垣、门、道路进行分割和连接。城墙之内为生活区和行政区,包括官府办公的“寺”,黔首聚居的“里”和交易场所“市”。都与邑、乡与聚不仅存在地理上的空间分野,也保持着行政上的联结和互动;离邑和城墙之外的散村聚落受到中心城市和城内的制约,无法脱离地方行政独立运行。微观层面,县乡之“廷”是帝国末端行政的中枢机构。县廷衙署遗址内分布着办公场所等建筑景观群和水系、道路;结构上廷内分曹,与廷外的官相连接。道路交通网络是秦汉地方行政运行的渠道,体现并促进了帝国权力在地方的纵深;国家权力的主导构筑了一个不断变动的多版块、多类型、多层次的地方行政运行空间复合体。

Local administration in the Qin and Han Dynasties operated in a specific spatial structure,and the newly-discovered bamboo slips help reveal its overall appearance.At the macro level,from the Warring States period to the imperial period,the territorial scope of the Qin state expanded from east to north and south,the structure gradually evolved from a small level of Zhongxiandao("中县道")to five nationwide levels,and the organizational form of the Qin Dynasty changed from the coexistence of the monarchy and the county system to the country as a county,and the number of county administrative districts under its jurisdiction increased from 37 to 49.The parallel and vertical management systems of the Qin Dynasty overlapped,and multiple organizational units complemented each other to create the local administrative structure in the early monarchy.At the mesoscopic level,the"capitals"of counties are the core areas for the implementation of local administrative operations in the Qin and Han Dynasties.The interior space of the county town is divided and connected by various forms of walls,doors,and roads.Within the city walls are the living and administrative areas,including the"Si"("寺")where the government works,the"Li"("里")where the common people lived together,and the trading place"Shi"(市").The scattered vllage settlements outside the city walls were restricted by the city and could not be separated from the operation of local administration.At the micro level,the"Ting"("廷")of the county is the central institution of administration at the end of the empire.In the ruins of the county court,there are architectural landscape groups such as office spaces,water systems,and roads;the sub-departments in the court are structurally connected with the officials outside the court.The road traffic network was the channel for local administration in Qin and Han Dynasties,reflecting the depth of imperial power in the local area.