国家与地方的互动:明末嘉善县域社会的赋役问题及其政治调控

State and Local Interaction:The Taxation Problem and Its Political Regulation in Jiashan County Society in the Late Ming Dynasty

明代崇祯年间,因整个王朝严重的统治危机,县域社会的行政实践与社会调控出现了十分紧张的态势。牵动国家与地方整体注意力的赋役征派,在县域社会内长期成为各种问题的焦点。在浙西的嘉善县,知县李陈玉注意人情与土俗的把握,协调县域社会各个阶层的力量,调整制度在地方的操作形态,重视地方的利益诉求。借由知县的县政工作,可以进一步认识在王朝末年的动荡形势下,国家通过漕粮征解,如何有效地从东南财赋重地汲取资源。对王朝忠诚度较高的县域社会中,知县、乡绅、庶民等不同阶层对于赋役安排的看法与态度,仍会影响制度的施行与社会的稳定。但知县的活动具有核心性,保持着国家权力在地方的贯彻,也注意以灵活的方式保护地方的利益,在国家全面嵌入的县域社会中,保留了地方公议的空间,使国家与地方的互动得以充分映现。

During the reign of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty,due to the serious ruling crisis of the whole dynasty,the administrative practice and social regulation of the county society appeared a very tense situation.The tax levy faction,which affects the attention of the whole country and the local government,has long become the focus of various problems in the county society.In Jiashan County in western Zhejiang,Li Chenyu,the Magistrate of the County,paid attention to the understanding of human feelings and local customs.He coordinated the forces of all social strata in the county,adjusted the operation of the system in the local area,and attached great importance to local interest demands.Through the county administration work of Magistrate of the County,we can further understand how the country effectively absorbed resources from the southeast through the collection of grain by water in the turbulent situation at the end of the dynasty.In the county society with high loyalty to the dynasty,the views and attitudes of different strata,such as the Magistrate of the County,the gentry,and the common people,towards the arrangement of taxes and servitude will still affect the implementation of the system and social stability.However,the activities of Magistrate of the County are of a core nature,which represents the implementation of state power at the local level,and also pays attention to protecting local interests in a flexible way.In the county-level society in which the state power is fully embedded,the space for local public consultation is reserved,so that the interaction between the state and the local can be fully reflected.