农村土地制度改革中的农户家庭联结

Pattern of Rural Household Bonding During China's Rural Land System Reform

本文在“农地视角”的基础上叠加“农户视角”,建立家庭联结和户际关系两大理论范畴,以此研判中华人民共和国成立以来土地制度改革背景下的农户家庭联结现象及其变革。研究发现:农业生产经营组织受农户家庭联结形态的影响,农户家庭联结形态则受土地制度的影响。伴随中国农业集体化、家庭承包责任制和“三权分置”等土地制度改革,农民从土地依附中摆脱出来,农村土地经营主体更加多元,农户家庭联结形态出现了从国家规制性联结向市场协议性联结的转变以及从直接联结向间接联结的转变,产生了“农户+”多元联结形态。“三权分置”顺应并增强了农民流动趋势,回应了新时代“地怎么种”问题,但没有回应如何规范农户多元联结的现实问题,因而存在制度缺口。“土地联结”基础上的“合约联结”是当前农户多元联结形态的共性特征,“家庭联结合约制”在逻辑上可作为未来农业生产经营组织制度建设的基础,可以作为对“三权分置”的必要补充。

From the perspective of farmland and rural households,this paper studies the pattern of rural household bonding and constructs a framework of household bonding and inter-household relationship during the land system reform since the founding of New China.We find that agricultural production and operation organizations are influenced by the form of rural household bonding,which is affected by the land system.During the reform of China's land system with agricultural collectivization,household contract responsibility system and the Separation of Three Types of Rights,rural households have been liberated from the dependence on land,and rural land operators have become more diversified.Moreover,the pattern of rural household bonding has changed from the state-mandatory and direct bonding to the market-oriented and indirect bonding,where the“rural household+”pattern of multi-party bonding has appeared.The land system of Separation of Three Types of Rights adapts to and accelerates the migration flow of rural households,and addresses“how to plant the land”in the new era.However,it does not help solve the problem of how to regulate the diversified bonding of rural households,leading to an institutional gap.The“contract bonding”based on the“land bonding”is the common feature of the current multi-party bonding of rural households.The“household contract bonding system”can logically serve as the foundation of the future agricultural production and operation organization structure,and as an innovative path to fill the gap of the land system of Separation of Three Types of Rights.