网络战争中区分原则适用问题的伦理分析——基于马克思人道主义视角

Ethical analysis of the adaptation of the principle of distinction in cyber war:From Marx’s humanitarian perspective

人道主义是马克思主义的价值选择,也是马克思主义的价值前提。人道主义承认人本身就是最终极的价值,要求每个人的权益都应受到保护,每个人都应享受到人类的尊严和幸福。区分原则不仅是战争伦理的基本原则,也能够体现马克思人道主义精神和内涵,是马克思人道主义在战争中的具体落实,其出发点是避免平民受到伤害和保护战争受难者。与传统战争相比,网络战争具有软攻击性、匿名性和广泛性特征,在网络战争中如何适用区分原则也成为重要的伦理问题,具体内容包括战斗员难以实施该原则、军事目标与民用物体以及战斗员和平民身份难以区分等。因此,在网络战争中适用区分原则,要建立并完善网络战争国际法,以国际人道法指导区分原则的适用并扩大解释,以保证区分原则能够对网络战争进行管制和约束。

Humanism is both the value choice and the value premise of Marxism.It recognizes that people themselves are the ultimate value and requires that everyone’s rights and interests should be protected,and everyone should enjoy human dignity and happiness.As the basic ethical principle of war ethics,the principle of distinction can reflect the spirit and connotation of Marx’s humanism and is also the concrete implementation of this humanism in the war.Its starting point is to avoid harm to civilians and protect the victims of war.Compared with a traditional war,cyber war is characterized by soft attacks,anonymity,and extensiveness.How to apply the principle of distinction in cyber war has become an important ethical issue,including the difficulty of applying the principle to combatants and distinguishing between military objectives and civilian objects,combatants and civilian identities.Therefore,to apply the principle of distinction in cyber war,it is necessary to establish and improve international law on cyber warfare,and apply and expand the interpretation of the principle under the guidance of international humanitarian law to ensure that it can regulate and constrain cyber war.