基于“3414”试验的陇中半干旱区马铃薯测土配方施肥指标研究

Formula Fertilization Index of Potato Based on the“3414”Experiment in Semi-arid Area of Central Gansu

【目的】为建立陇中半干旱区马铃薯土壤养分丰缺指标,确立土壤养分分级指标和推荐施肥量,指导马铃薯科学施肥,提高肥料利用率。【方法】通过对会宁县2015~2018年马铃薯“3414”田间肥效试验结果进行模拟,开展土壤有效养分含量与相对产量、经济最佳施肥量之间的相关性研究,提出马铃薯土壤养分丰缺指标及不同分级范围推荐施肥量。【结果】土壤全氮含量与马铃薯产量、N经济最佳施肥量相关性优于土壤碱解氮,因此以全氮、速效磷、速效钾作为陇中半干旱区马铃薯田丰缺指标及推荐施肥量评价指标,分5个、4个、4个等级,并建立了养分丰缺指标施肥区间调控、目标产量及施肥量定量微观调控模型。该区域马铃薯土壤全氮含量分为低(<0.6 g kg^(−1))、较低(0.6~1.1 g kg^(−1))、中(1.1~1.8 g kg^(−1))、较高(1.8~2.2 g kg^(−1))和高(>2.2 g kg^(−1));速效磷分为较低(<13 mg kg^(−1))、中(13~25 mg kg^(−1))、较高(25~31 mg kg^(−1))和高(>31 mg kg^(−1));速效钾分为较低(<162 mg kg^(−1))、中(162~238 mg kg^(−1))、较高(238~271 mg kg^(−1))、高(>271 mg kg^(−1))。【结论】根据地力等级从低到较高,推荐施肥方案分别为N>158.0、134.5~158.0、113.7~134.5、105.9~113.7、0~105.9 kg hm^(−2);P2O5>136.7、90.4~136.7、75.7~90.4、0~75.7 kg hm^(−2);K2O>82.2、56.8~82.2、47.0~56.8、0~47.0 kg hm^(−2)。生产中通过检测任一地块土壤养分,代入相关函数模型即可输出该地块经济最佳施肥量。

[Objective]The aims of the study were to obtain the soil nutrient plentiful-lack index,to establish nutrient classification index and recommended fertilization,to guide potato scientific fertilization,and to improve the fertilizer utilization rate of potatoes in the semi-arid area of central Gansu.[Method]By analyzing the potato“3414”test data in Huining county from 2015 to 2018,the correlation between soil available nutrient content and potato relative yield and economic optimal fertilization was studied,the soil nutrient classification index and recommended fertilization were established in different classification ranges.[Result]The correlation between soil total nitrogen(N)content and yield and N economic and optimum fertilization was better than soil alkali-hydro N in the potato field,the total N,available phosphorus(P),and available potassium(K)were determined as abundant and deficient indices,and recommended fertilization calculation indices on potato fields in Semi-arid Area of Central Gansu.The fertilizer interval regulation of nutrient abundant and deficient indices was established,including the quantitative micro regulation model of target yield and fertilizer amount.The total N content of potato soil in the study area was divided into five fertility grades,i.e.,low(<0.6 g kg^(−1)),lower(0.6-1.1 g kg^(−1)),medium(1.1-1.8 g kg^(−1)),higher(1.8-2.2 g kg^(−1))and high(>2.2 g kg^(−1));The available P was divided into four fertility grades,i.e.,lower(<13 mg kg^(−1)),medium(13-25 mg kg^(−1)),higher(25-31 mg kg^(−1))and high(>31 mg kg^(−1));The available K was divided into four fertility grades,i.e.,lower(<162 mg kg^(−1)),medium(162-238 mg kg^(−1)),higher(238-271 mg kg^(−1))and high(>271 mg kg^(−1)).[Conclusion]Based on the fertilizer effect function and the average target yield of potatoes,the recommended fertilization rates in different fertility levels were put forward.According to the soil fertility grade from low to high,the fertilization rates are N>158.0,134.5-158,113.7-134.5,105.9-113.7 and 0-105.9 kg hm^(−2),P2O5>136.7,90.4-136.7,75.7-90.4 and 0-75.7 kg hm^(−2),K2O>82.2,56.8-82.2,47.0-56.8 and 0-47.0 kg hm^(−2),respectively.In production,the economic and optimal amount of fertilizer could be output by detecting the soil nutrients of any plot and substituting them into the correlation function model.