汉藏语系修饰指称词子句的类型和历史发展——从日旺语(独龙语)说起

On the Typology and Historical Development of Reference Phrase Modifying Clauses in the Sino-Tibetan Languages——With the Rawang-Dulong Language as Our Starting Point

在汉藏语系藏缅语族语言中,修饰指称词的子句结构,即所谓的“关系子句”和“名词补语”的类型较多,不仅不同语言有不同类型,而且同一种语言也可能有几种类型。本文基于极点构式语法,以日旺语(独龙语)为出发点,讨论汉藏语系语言呈现的不同结构类型以及不同类型之间的历史关系和发展途径。在汉藏语系语言及其周围的语言里,修饰指称词的子句结构常与指称标记(名物化标记)结构、领属结构有密切关系,因此,本文对这3种结构之间的关系作出阐释。历史上,泛指中心词的修饰子句结构导致了指称标记后缀的发展和有指称标记修饰子句结构的产生。由于修饰子句有指称功能,所以“修饰子句+中心词”就是“指称词组+指称词组”,而且修饰子句可以以后置于中心词的同位结构形式出现。汉藏语系语言的修饰子句经历了从无标记到有标记再到修饰子句修饰指称词组的3个发展历程。

In the Tibeto-Burman languages of the Sino-Tibetan family,there are many types of clause structures modifying referential phrases,namely the so-called“relative clause”structures and“noun complement”structures.Not only do different languages have different types,but the same language can also have different types.Several types are possible.Based on Radical Construction Grammar and taking the Rawang-Dulong language as our starting point,this paper discusses the different types of structures presented by the Sino-Tibetan languages,as well as the historical relationship between the different types and how they developed.In the Sino-Tibetan languages and the surrounding languages,the clause structure for modifying referents is often closely related to the referential marker(nominalization marker)structure and possessive structure.Therefore,this paper explains the relationship among these three structures.Historically,the structure of modifying clauses with a generic head word has led to the development of suffixal referential markers and the production of modifying clause structures with referential markers.Since the resulting modifying clause itself has a referential function,the structure of“modifying clause+head word”is the structure of“referring phrase+referring phrase”,and the modifying clause can appear in apposition after the head word.The modifying clauses of the Sino-Tibetan languages have experienced three developmental processes,from unmarked to marked and then to modifying clauses modifying referring phrases.